Abstract
Co-production requires individuals/patients/end-users and communities to be experts in their own circumstances and capable of making decisions, while professionals move from being fixers to facilitators; thus, co-production requires authentic engagement. This necessitates researchers developing new relationships with individuals/patients/end-users and communities. This partnership approach to research equitably involves individuals/patients/end-users, communities and researchers in all aspects of the research process. All partners contribute expertise and share decision-making and ownership. Research that is co-produced takes time, patience, energy and commitment regardless of the method used. The goal is to co-produce meaningful outcomes/programmes; thus, the research team must find ways of learning about the health needs of individuals/patients/end-users and communities; working with them to address their health and well-being.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Allen, M.L., Salsberg, J., Knot, M., LeMaster, J.W., Felzien, M., Westfall, J.M., Herbert, C.P., Vickery, K., Culhane-Pera, K.A., Ramsden, V.R., Zittleman, L., Martin, R.E., & Macaulay, A.C. (2017). Engaging with communities, engaging with patients: Amendment to the NAPCRG 1998 Policy Statement on Responsible Research with Communities. Family Practice, 34(3), 313–321.
Arnstein, S.R. (1969). A ladder of citizen participation. Journal of the American Planning Association, 35(4), 216–224.
Canadian Institutes of Health Research. (2014). Strategy for patient-oriented research: Patient engagement framework. Ottawa, ON: Canadian Institutes of Health Research.
Canadian Institutes of Health Research. (2018). Tri-council policy statement: Ethical conduct for research involving humans. Ottawa, ON: Government of Canada.
College of Family Physicians of Canada. (2016). Best advice guide: Health literacy in the Patient’s Medical Home. Mississauga, ON: College of Family Physicians of Canada.
Creswell, J.W., & Piano Clark, V.L. (2011). Designing and conducting mixed methods research (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Durose, C., Richardson, L., & Perry, B. (2018). Craft metrics to value co-production (Comment). Nature, 562(7725), 32–33.
Eade, D., & Williams, S. (1995). The Oxfam handbook of development and relief. Oxford, UK: Oxfam.
Editorial. (2018). The best research is produced when researchers and communities work together. Nature, 562(7), 1–2.
Fetterman, D., & Wandersman, A. (2005). Empowerment evaluation principles in practice. New York, NY: Guildford Press.
Goodyear-Smith, F. (2017). Collective enquiry and reflective action in research: Toward a clarification of the terminology. Family Practice, 34(3), 268–271.
Grönroos, C. (2011). Value co-creation in service logic: A critical analysis. Marketing Theory, 11(3), 279–301.
Israel, B.A., Eng, E., Schulz, A.J., & Parker, E.A. (2005). Methods in community-based participatory research for health. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Israel, B.A., Schulz, A.J., Parker, E.A., & Becker, A.B. (1998). Review of community-based research: Assessing partnership approaches to improve public health. Annual Review of Public Health, 19(5), 173–202.
Israel, B.A., Schulz, A.J., Parker, E.A., Becker, A.B., Allen, A., & Guzman, J.R. (2003). Critical issues in developing and following community-based participatory research principles. In M. Minkler & N. Wallerstein (Eds.), Community-based participatory research for health (pp. 56–73). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Jagosh, J., Bush, P.B., Salsberg, J., Macaulay, A.C., Greenhalgh, T., Wong, G., Cargo, M., Green, L.W., Herbert, C.P., & Pluye, P. (2015). A realist evaluation of community-based participatory research: Partnership synergy, trust building and related ripple effects. BMC Public Health, 15, 1–11.
Jagosh, J., Macaulay, A.C., Pluye, P., Salsberg, J., Bush, P.L., Henderson, J., Sirett, E., Wong, G., Cargo, M., Herbert, C.P., Seifer, S.D., Green, L.W., & Greenhalgh, T. (2012). Uncovering the benefits of participatory research: Implications of a realist review for health research and practice. Milbank Quarterly, 90(2), 311–346.
Jones, L., & Wells, K. (2007). Strategies for academic and clinician engagement in community-participatory partnered research. Journal of the American Medical Association, 297(4), 407–410.
Macaulay, A.C. (2017). Participatory research: What is the history? Has the purpose changed? Family Practice, 34(3), 256–258.
Martin, R., Chan, R., Torikka, L., Granger-Brown, A., & Ramsden, V.R. (2008). Health fostered by research. Canadian Family Physician, 54(2), 244–245.
Minkler, M., Vasquez, V.B., Warner, J.R., Steussey H., & Facente, S. (2006). Sowing the seeds for sustainable change: A community-based participatory research partnership for health promotion in Indiana, USA and its aftermath. Health Promotion International, 21(4), 293–300.
Oakley, P., & Kahssay, H.M. (1999). Community involvement in health development: An overview. In P. Oakley & H.M. Kahssay (Eds.), Community involvement in health development: A review of the concept and practice (pp. 3–19). Geneva, CE: World Health Organization.
Ramsden, V.R., Crowe, J., Rabbitskin, N., Rolfe, D., & Macaulay, A.C. (2019). Authentic engagement, co-creation and action research. In F. Goodyear-Smith & B. Mash (Eds.), How to do primary care research (pp. 47–56). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Ramsden, V.R., & Integrated Primary Health Care Research Team. (2003). Learning with the community: Evolution to transformative action research. Canadian Family Physician, 49(2), 195–197, 200–202.
Ramsden, V.R., McKay, S., & Crowe, J. (2010). The pursuit of excellence: Engaging the community in participatory health research. Global Health Promotion, 17(4), 32–42.
Ramsden, V.R., Rabbitskin, N., Westfall, J.M., Felzien, M., Braden, J., & Sand J. (2017a). Is knowledge translation without patient or community engagement flawed? Family Practice, 34(3), 259–261.
Ramsden, V.R., Salsberg, J., Herbert, C.P., Westfall, J.M., LeMaster, J., & Macaulay, A.C. (2017b). Patient- and community-oriented research: How is authentic engagement identified in grant applications? Canadian Family Physician, 63(1), 74–76.
Ramsden, V.R., Weisgerber-Crowe, J., Loignon, C., Dupere, S., Fortin, M., & Dahrouge, S. (2017c, November). Health literacy: Engaging the community in co-creating meaningful programs. NAPCRG Annual Meeting. Poster presented at 45th NAPCRG Annual Meeting, Montreal, QC.
Realpe, A., & Wallace, L.M. (2010). What is co-production? London, UK: The Health Foundation.
Rolfe, D.E., Ramsden, V.R., Banner, D., & Graham, I.D. (2018). Using qualitative health research methods to improve patient and public involvement and engagement in research. Research Involvement and Engagement, 4, 1–8.
Shen, S., Doyle-Thomas, K.A., Beesley, L., Karmali, A., Williams, L., Tanel, N., & McPherson, A.C. (2016). How and why should we engage parents as co-researchers in health research? A scoping review of current practices. Health Expectations, 20(4), 543–554.
Tashakkori, A., & Teddie, C. (2003). Handbook of mixed methods in social and behavioural research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Teddie, C., & Tashakkori, A. (2009). Foundations of mixed methods research: Integrating quantitative and qualitative approaches in the social and behavioural sciences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Trickett, E.J., & Beehler, S. (2017). Participatory action research and impact: An ecological ripples perspective. Education Action Research, 25(3), 1–16.
Turakhia, P., & Combs, B. (2017). Using principles of co-production to improve patient care and enhance value. American Medical Association Journal of Ethics, 19(11), 1125–1131.
Wallerstein, N., & Duran, B. (2006). Using community-based participatory research to address health disparities. Health Promotion Practice, 7(3), 312–323.
Winter, J., Russell, E., Kanchana, S., Rajanarayaan, K.R., & Ramsden, V.R. (2017). Evaluation of the village health empowerment training program. International Centre for Collaborative Research-Journal of Nursing Research, 2(1), 99–103.
World Health Organization. (1978). Primary health care: Report of the International Conference on Primary Health Care, Alma-Ata. Geneva, CE: World Health Organization & UNICEF.
World Health Organization. (2018). Declaration of Astana: Primary health care. Geneva, CE: World Health Organization & UNICEF.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ramsden, V.R., Verrall, T., Jacobson, N., Crowe-Weisgerber, J. (2021). Co-production: Using Qualitative and Mixed Methods. In: Loeffler, E., Bovaird, T. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Co-Production of Public Services and Outcomes. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53705-0_34
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53705-0_34
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-53704-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-53705-0
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)