Abstract
This chapter focuses on the impact of the Open Access movement in Latin America, an integral part of the regional structures of scientific knowledge. Free and Open access to scientific research means that Latin America has become a beacon in the academic publishing world, as scientific knowledge is considered a common public good and its free circulation a strategy of democratization. Taking an historical approach to the development of academic structures of publication, evaluation, and circulation, this chapter examines the advancements and setbacks for Open Access in the region. Currently, the marketization of scientific knowledge and the adoption of international scientific criteria to manage and evaluate science research in the region have created a crisis moment for Open Access. The chapter analyzes the different strategies used to promote Latin American science communication in the twenty-first century and proposes a new conception of Open Access that reflects on the visibility of regional scientific production, the use of indicator, and the evaluation of scientific production.
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Notes
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There are many forms to describe and classify Open Access. Piwowar et al. (2017) categorized eight types: Open, free, Gold, Green, Hybrid, Delayed, Academic social networks, and Black Open Access.
- 2.
For more information please visit the web page: www.journals.plos.org/plosbiology/s/publication-fees
- 3.
At present, the institutional subscription in electronic format of Springer is US $1892.3 and Elsevier US $3437. The price per article of a SAGE journal such as International Sociology costs US $137, of a Springer journal such as scientometrics US $39 and of an article in Nature is US $32. According to the Forbes 2000 list, Relx (the consortium former known as Reed Elsevier) reported a 6% improvement in operating profits to £2.35 billion by 2018 until the end of December.
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The case of Elsevier against Sci-Hub is already a paradigmatic example. Sci-Hub and Librería Génesis (LibGen) are two digital projects founded by Alexandra Elbakyan and a group of academics from around the world who sought a way to access documents and sources necessary for their respective research free of charge. The result was the creation of two large sites where the required resource can be accessed from the URL, DOI, or ISSN of an article or journal. On June 21, 2017, Elsevier filed a lawsuit against Sci-Hub, LibGen, and its related sites for making available more than 10 million articles and books edited and managed by the Dutch corporation. The suit claimed copyright infringement for more than US $25 million. Elsevier’s lawsuit in New York was part of a legal strategy against Elbakyan that we can track until 2014. The main lawsuits were filed in the New York district alleging unauthorized access to copyrighted material owned by the corporation. The Sci-Hub and LibGen sites continued to function normally from different domains and different IP addresses. The Elbakyan case is very particular since it is not part of the mandates of Open Access internationally and many of its main references do not agree with the project. The main problem is that Sci-Hub is immensely popular beyond its “illegality.”
- 7.
Espacio Latinoamericano de Revistas Científicas.
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(Centro de investigaciones científicas y humanísticas by its acronym in Spanish).
- 9.
CLACSO is an international non-governmental organization, created in 1967 and currently brings together 371 research centers and 654 postgraduate programs in social sciences in 23 Latin American countries and the Caribbean. The objectives of the Council are the promotion and development of social science research and teaching, as well as the strengthening of exchange and cooperation among institutions and researchers within and outside the region.
- 10.
The Public Knowledge Project (PKP), UNESCO, FLACSO, and CLACSO promoted the first project in which the three major regional databases (Latindex, RedALyC, and SciELO) worked together for the first time. The project was called “Calidad de la comunicación científica en acceso abierto en América Latina” (N° 106660-001). The Project focuses on the production of indicators to assess Open Access in the region.
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Salatino, M. (2020). Open Access in Dispute in Latin America: Toward the Construction of Counter-Hegemonic Structures of Knowledge. In: Martens, C., Venegas, C., Sharupi Tapuy, E.F.S. (eds) Digital Activism, Community Media, and Sustainable Communication in Latin America. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45394-7_6
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