Abstract
This chapter looks at how regional as well as geopolitical security dynamics affect the military security situation in the Arctic region. More precisely the chapter looks at how Arctic states’ common economic interests and regional cooperation on non-military security challenges in the Arctic intersect with geopolitical challenges, in particular with Russia’s increasing challenge of NATO’s dominance in the post-Cold War security order. Comparing NATO-Russia relations in the Arctic, Baltic and Black Sea region, this chapter concludes that the considerable overlap in (primarily economic) interests as well as a more stable power balance in the Arctic, make it more likely that East and West will, despite fundamental geopolitical differences, be able to maintain more conciliatory defence and security relations in the High North.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
- 1.
Apart from the overlapping claims by Canada, Denmark and Russia over the symbolically, not economically important North Pole; by Canada and Denmark over ‘Hans Island’, a tiny rock in the Nares Strait; as well as the dispute between Canada and the United States over the status of the Northwest Passage as territorial or international waters, all previous territorial disputes in the region have been resolved through negotiations, most recently by the maritime delimitation line between Russia and Norway in 2010 (see IBRU: Centre for Borders Research 2015).
- 2.
The Norwegian Intelligence Service on its website only very broadly describes the ‘Globus’-radar’s mission to be the surveillance, tracking, and categorization of space objects; the surveillance in Norway’s national area of interests and the collection of data for national research and development (Forsvaret n.d.). As further details are classified, there exists no other secured information about the radar’s concrete purpose, cost sharing or other aspects of the Norwegian-American intelligence cooperation in Vardø.
- 3.
While the actual decision to offer Georgia and Ukraine NATO Membership Action Plans was blocked by France and Germany (Rutland and Kazantsev 2016; Mankoff 2012), the final summit declaration still contained a paragraph, stating that NATO states welcomed “Ukraine’s and Georgia’s Euro-Atlantic aspirations for membership in NATO” and stated that NATO members “agreed […] that these countries will become members of NATO” in the future (see NATO 2008).
- 4.
‘Buzzing’ describes a practice by which military aircrafts fly at low altitude over an opposing vessel, aircraft, building or troop formation, often even simulating an attack on the opponent.
- 5.
A central component of this policy have been a set of ‘Self-Imposed Restrictions in the North’ (‘Selvpålagte restriksjoner i nord’), which among other things contain restrictions regarding the stationing, exercises and activities of foreign forces, military equipment and nuclear weapons in Northern Norway (e.g. Moen 1998; Børresen 2011; Skogrand 2004).
References
Althingi (2011, March 28). A Parliamentary Resolution on Iceland’s Arctic Policy. https://www.government.is/media/utanrikisraduneyti-media/media/nordurlandaskrifstofa/A-Parliamentary-Resolution-on-ICE-Arctic-Policy-approved-by-Althingi.pdf. Accessed June 4, 2020.
Arctic Coast Guard Forum. (2019). Live Exercise Polaris 2019. https://www.arcticcoastguardforum.com/news/live-exercise-polaris-2019. Accessed June 28, 2019.
Arctic Council. (1996, 19 September). Declaration on the Establishment of the Arctic Council. Ottawa Declaration. https://oaarchive.arctic-council.org/bitstream/handle/11374/85/EDOCS-1752-v2-ACMMCA00_Ottawa_1996_Founding_Declaration.PDF?sequence=5&isAllowed=y. Accessed June 4, 2020.
Åtland, K. (2009). Russia’s Northern Fleet and the Oil Industry—Rivals or Partners? Petroleum, Security, and Civil—Military Relations in the Post—Cold War European Arctic. Armed Forces & Society, 35(2), 362–384. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327X08316151.
Åtland, K. (2011). Russia’s Armed Forces and the Arctic. All Quiet on the Northern Front? Contemporary Security Policy, 32(2), 267–285. https://doi.org/10.1080/13523260.2011.590354.
Baev, P. K. (2015). Russia’s Arctic illusions. Brookings Institution. Washington, D.C. (Order from chaos). https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2015/08/27/russias-arctic-illusions/. Accessed July 14, 2019.
Baev, P. K. (2018). Russia’s Ambivalent Status-Quo/Revisionist Policies in the Arctic. Arctic Review on Law and Politics, 9(0), 408. https://doi.org/10.23865/arctic.v9.1336.
Bailes, A. J. K. (2016). Security in the Arctic: definitions, challenges and solutions. In L. Jakobson & N. Melvin (Eds.) The new Arctic governance (pp. 13–40). Oxford: Oxford University Press (SIPRI Research Report, no. 25).
Bergh, K. (2012). The Arctic policies of Canada and the United States: Domestic motives and international context. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Stockholm (SIPRI Insights on Peace and Security, 2012/1).
Bergh, K., & Klimenko, E. (2016). Understanding national approaches to security in the Arctic. In L. Jakobson & N.Melvin (Eds.) The new Arctic governance (pp. 41–75). Oxford: Oxford University Press (SIPRI Research Report, no. 25).
Berryman, J. (2017). Russia and the European Security Order: Impact and Implications of the Ukraine Crisis. In R. E. Kanet (Ed.) The Russian Challenge to the European Security Environment (pp. 167–188). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Blunden, M. (2012). Geopolitics and the Northern Sea Route. International Affairs, 88(1), 115–129. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2346.2012.01060.x.
Borgerson, S. G. (2008). Arctic Meltdown. The economic and security implications of global warming. Foreign Affairs 87(2), 63–77.
Børresen, J. (2011). Alliance naval strategies and Norway in the final years of the cold war. Naval War College Review, 64(2), 97–116.
Canadian Armed Forces. (2018). Arctic and offshore patrol ships. Canadian Armed Forces. https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/procurement/arctic-offshore-patrol-ships.html. Rerieved December 7, 2018, Accessed August 5, 2019.
Canadian Armed Forces. (2019). Operation NANOOK. https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/current-operations/operation-nanook.html. Rerieved March 5, 2019, Accessed May 3, 2019.
Center for High North Logistics, Nord University. (2018). Transit statictics 2017. Bodø. https://arctic-lio.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/transits_2017.pdf. Accessed June 4, 2020.
Charron, A., Plouffe, J., & Roussel, S. (2012). The Russian Arctic hegemon: Foreign policy implications for Canada. Canadian Foreign Policy Journal, 18(1), 38–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/11926422.2012.674384.
Claes, D. H., & Moe, A. (2014). Arctic petroleum resources in a regional and global perspective. In R. Tamnes & K. Offerdal (Eds.) Geopolitics and security in the Arctic. Regional dynamics in a global world (pp. 97–120). London: Routledge (Routledge global security studies).
Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe. (1990). Charter of Paris for a New Europe. Paris Charter. https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/0/6/39516.pdf. Accessed June 4, 2020.
Conley, H. A., & Rohloff, C. (2015). The New Ice Curtain. Russia’s Strategic Reach to the Arctic. Edited by Center for Strategic & International Studies. Center for Strategic & International Studies. Washington, D.C.
Det Kongelige Forsvarsdepartement. (2014, 28 May). Bilaterale militære aktiviteter med Russland innstilles ut året. Oslo. https://www.regjeringen.no/no/aktuelt/Bilaterale-militare-aktiviteter-med-Russland-innstilles-ut-aret/id761039/. Accessed May 16, 2019.
European Council; Council of the European Union. (2019). EU restrictive measures in response to the crisis in Ukraine. European Union. Brussels. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/sanctions/ukraine-crisis/. Accessed July 8, 2019.
Forsvaret. (n.d.). GLOBUS Modernization. Norwegian Intelligence Service. https://forsvaret.no/etjenesten/globus-modernization. Accessed July 15, 2019.
Forsvaret. (2015). Slædepatruljen Sirius. https://www2.forsvaret.dk/OMOS/ORGANISATION/ARKTISK/ENHEDER/SIRIUS/Pages/default.aspx. Accessed August 5, 2019.
Forsvaret. (2017). Øvelse Joint Viking. Forsvaret. Oslo. https://forsvaret.no/jointviking. Accessed April 25, 2019.
Georgia Tech Panama Logistics Innovation & Research Center. (2019). Statistics. Traffic Statistics. Marbella. https://logistics.gatech.pa/en/assets/panama-canal/statistics. Accessed August 4, 2019.
Global Affairs Canada (Ed.). (2016). Canada’s Response to the Situation in Ukraine. Global Affairs Canada. https://www.international.gc.ca/international/ukraine.aspx?lang=eng. Accessed June 18, 2019.
Government of Canada. (2009). Canada’s Northern Strategy - Our North, Our Heritage, Our Future. Canada’s Northern Strategy. http://library.arcticportal.org/1885/1/canada.pdf. Accessed June 4, 2020.
Government of Canada. (2010). Statement on Canada’s Arctic Foreign Policy. Excercising Sovereignty and Promoting Canada’s NORTHERN STRATEGY Abroad. https://web.law.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/microsites/climate-change/files/Arctic-Resources/Arctic-Council/01_02_Canadas%20statement%20on%20arctic%20foreign%20policy%20%28booklet%29.pdf. Accessed June 4, 2020.
Government of Finland. (23 August, 2013). Finland’s Strategy for the Arctic Region 2013. 16/2013. https://vnk.fi/documents/10616/1093242/J1613_Finland%E2%80%99s+Strategy+for+the+Arctic+Region.pdf/cf80d586-895a-4a32-8582-435f60400fd2?version=1.0. Accessed June 4, 2020.
Headland, R. K. (2018). Transits of the Northwest Passage to End of the 2018 Navigation Season. Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge. Cambridge. https://www.spri.cam.ac.uk/resources/infosheets/northwestpassage.pdf. Accessed June 4, 2020.
Henderson, J., & Loe, J. (2014). The Prospects and Challenges for Artic Oil Development. Oxford (Working paper/Oxford Institute for Energy Studies WPM, 56). http://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/WPM-56.pdf.
Higgins, A. (2000). How a Storm Spread A Cold War Chill. In The Wall Street Journal, 6/6/2000. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB960245559833861741. Accessed July 15, 2019.
Higgins, A. (2015, April 1). Norway Reverts to Cold War Mode as Russian Air Patrols Spike. In The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/02/world/europe/a-newly-assertive-russia-jolts-norways-air-defenses-into-action.html. Accessed Mar 5, 2018.
Higgins, A. (2017). On a Tiny Norwegian Island, America Keeps an Eye on Russia. In The New York Times, 6/13/2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/13/world/europe/arctic-norway-russia-radar.html. Accessed July 15, 2019.
Hilde, P. S. (2013). The “new” Arctic – the Military Dimension. Journal of Military and Strategic Studies, 15(2), 130–153.
Hilde, P. S. (2014). Armed forces and security challenges in the Arctic. In R. Tamnes & K. Offerdal (Eds.) Geopolitics and security in the Arctic. Regional dynamics in a global world (pp. 147–165). London: Routledge (Routledge global security studies).
Holtsmark, S. G. (Ed.). (2015). Naboer i frykt og forventning. Norge og Russland 1917–2014. Det Asymmetriske naboskap: Norge og Russland 1814–2014 (prosjekt). Oslo: Pax.
Howard, R. (2009). The Arctic gold rush. The new race for tomorrow’s natural resources. London: Continuum.
Huebert, R. (2009). Canadian Arctic Sovereignty and Security in a Transforming Circumpolar World. Canadian International Council. Toronto (Foreign Policy for Canada’s Tomorrow, 4).
Huebert, R., & Exner-Pirot, H. (2016). The Arctic Factor: Can regional cooperation thaw relations between Canada and Russia? OpenCanada. https://www.opencanada.org/features/arctic-factor-can-regional-cooperation-thaw-relations-between-canada-and-russia/. Accessed May 30, 2019.
IBRU: Centre for Borders Research. (2015). Maritime jurisdiction and boundaries in the Arctic region: Durham University. https://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/resources/arctic/. Accessed June 4, 2020.
Jankovski, A. (2017). The Russian Federation and the West: The Problem of International Order. In R. E. Kanet (Ed.) The Russian Challenge to the European Security Environment (pp. 137–164). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Käpylä, J., & Mikkola, H. (2015). On Arctic Exceptionalism. Critical reflections in the light of the Arctic Sunrise case and the crisis in Ukraine. Edited by The Finnish Institute of International Affairs. The Finnish Institute of International Affairs. Helsinki (FIIA Working Paper, 85).
Keil, K. (2015). Economic potential. In J. Jokela (Ed.) Arctic security matters (pp. 21–31). EU Institute for Security Studies. Paris (Reports, 24).
Knecht, S. (2015). Die Mär vom Kalten Krieg. Wie geopolitische Paradigmen in den internationalen Beziehungen im Arktisraum (re)produziert werden. S+F Sicherheit und Frieden, 33(3), 121–126.
Kongeriket Norges Regjering; Regjeringen i Den Russiske Føderasjon. (Oct 4, 1995). Avtale mellom Norge og Russland om samarbeid ved ettersøking av savnede og redning av nødstedte mennesker i Barentshavet. In lovdata.no. https://lovdata.no/dokument/TRAKTAT/traktat/1995-10-04-1. Accessed May 11, 2019.
Konyshev, V., Sergunin, A., & Subbotin, S. (2017). Russia’s Arctic strategies in the context of the Ukrainian crisis. The Polar Journal, 7(1), 104–124. https://doi.org/10.1080/2154896X.2017.1335107.
Lackenbauer, P. W. (2010). Mirror Images? Canada, Russia, and the circumpolar world. International Journal, 65(4), 879–897.
Laruelle, M. (2014). Russia’s Arctic strategies and the future of the Far North. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe, Inc.
Lasserre, F., & Têtu, P.-L. (2016). Russian Air Patrols in the Arctic. Are Long-Range Bomber Patrols a Challenge to Canadian Security and Sovereignty? Arctic Yearbook, 5, 305–327.
Le Mière, C., & Mazo, J. (2013). Arctic opening. Insecurity and opportunity. Abingdon, Oxon [u.a.]: Routledge (Adelphi, 440).
MacDonald, A. (2015). The militarization of the arctic. Emerging reality, exaggeration, and distraction. Canadian Military Journal, 15(3), 18–28.
Mankoff, J. (2012). Russian foreign policy. The return of great power politics (2nd ed.). Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield.
Mathers, J. G. (2019). The Rebuilding of Russian Military Capabilities. In R. E. Kanet (Ed.) Routledge Handbook of Russian Security (pp. 144–153). Routledge, New York, NY: Abingdon, Oxon (Routledge handbooks).
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark, Greenland and the Faroe Islands. (2011). Kingdom of Denmark Strategy for the Arctic 2011–2020.
Moen, K. E. (1998). Selvpålagte restriksjoner i nord. Institutt for Forsvarsstudier. Oslo (Forsvarsstudier, 5).
NATO. (2008, Apr 3). Bucharest Summit Declaration. https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/official_texts_8443.htm. Accessed July 9, 2019.
NATO Allied Maritime Command. (2019). SNMG 1 Steams into Dynamic Mongoose 2019. North Atlantic. https://mc.nato.int/media-centre/news/2019/snmg-1-steams-into-dynamic-mongoose-2019.aspx. Accessed July 29, 2019.
Nilsen, T. (2017). Russia details Barents military plane spotting. Norwegian submarine hunter was spotted 100 times near Russia’s border last year. In The Independent Barents Observer, 2/1/2017 (Online). https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/security/2017/02/russia-details-barents-military-plane-spotting. Accessed March 5, 2018.
Nilsen, T. (2018a). Alarm-drill: 36 Russian warships sail out to Barents Sea. In The Barents Observer, 6/13/2018. https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/security/2018/06/36-russian-warships-sails-out-barents-sea. Accessed July 17, 2019.
Nilsen, T. (2018b). Russia announces rocket shootings just outside Finnmark in final days of NATO’s Trident Juncture. In The Barents Observer, 10/31/2018. https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/security/2018/10/russian-navy. Accessed July 16, 2019.
Nilsen, T. (2019a). 11 Russian fighter jets made mock attack on Norwegian Arctic radar. In The Barents Observer, 2/12/2019. https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/security/2019/02/11-russian-fighter-jets-made-mock-attack-norwegian-arctic-radar. Accessed July 17, 2019.
Nilsen, T. (2019b). Russia claims to have demonstrated complex exercise outside Norway. In The Barents Observer, 4/11/2019. https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/security/2019/04/russia-demonstrated-complex-bastion-defense-exercise-outside-norway. Accessed July 17, 2019.
Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Ed.). (2014). Norway’s Arctic Policy. Creating value, managing resources, confronting climate change and fostering knowledge. Developments in the Arctic concern us all. Hammerfest. https://www.regjeringen.no/globalassets/departementene/ud/vedlegg/nord/nordkloden_en.pdf, Accessed June 4, 2020.
Nygren, B. (2019). The 2008 Russia-Georgia War. In R. E. Kanet (Ed.) Routledge Handbook of Russian Security (pp. 377–387). Routledge, New York, NY: Abingdon, Oxon (Routledge handbooks).
Office of Foreign Assets Control (Ed.). (2016). Ukraine/Russia-related sanctions program. department of the treasury. Washington, D.C. https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/Programs/Documents/ukraine.pdf. Accessed June 4, 2020.
Oldberg, I. (2007). Russia’s Great Power Ambitions and Policy Under Putin. In R. E. Kanet (Ed.) Russia. Re-Emerging Great Power (pp. 13–30). Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan (Studies in central and eastern Europe).
Østhagen, A., Levi Sharp, G., & Sigurd Hilde, P. (2018). At Opposite Poles: Canada’s and Norway’s approaches to security in the Arctic. In The Polar Journal, 8(1), 163–181. https://doi.org/10.1080/2154896X.2018.1468625.
Pouliot, V. (2008). The logic of practicality: A theory of practice of security communities. In International Organization, 62(2), 257–288.
President of the Russian Federation. (2007, 14 July). Information on the decree “On Suspending the Russian Federation’s Participation in the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe and Related International Agreements”. Moscow. http://en.kremlin.ru/supplement/3327. Accessed July 6, 2019.
President of the Russian Federation. (September 2008). The Foundations of the Russian Federation’s State Policy in the Arctic until 2020 and Beyond. Source: [unofficial translation by ARCTIS Knowledge Hub]. http://www.arctis-search.com/Russian+Federation+Policy+for+the+Arctic+to+2020. Accessed April 6, 2020.
President of the Russian Federation. (2013). The strategy for the development of the arctic zone of the Russian Federation and national security efforts for the period up to 2020. www.government.ru/docs/22846/. Accessed July 6, 2019.
President of the Russian Federation. (2016, 30 October). The foreign policy concept of the Russian Federation. Russian Foreign Policy Concept. https://www.rusemb.org.uk/rp_insight/. Accessed July 6, 2019.
President of the United States. (2013, May). National Strategy for the Arctic Region. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/docs/nat_arctic_strategy.pdf. Accessed June 4, 2020.
President Vladimir Putin. (2007). Speech and the following discussion at the Munich conference on security policy. Munich Security Conference. Munich, 2/10/2007. http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/24034. Accessed July 6, 2019.
Regeringskansliet, Statsrådberedningen. (2011, 1 Juanuary). Sweden’s strategy for the Arctic region. https://www.government.se/49b746/contentassets/85de9103bbbe4373b55eddd7f71608da/swedens-strategy-for-the-arctic-region. Accessed June 4, 2020.
Roberts, K. (2015). Why Russia will play by the rules in the Arctic. Canadian Foreign Policy Journal, 21(2), 112–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/11926422.2014.939204.
Roi, M. L. (2010). Russia: The greatest arctic power? The Journal of Slavic Military Studies, 23(4), 551–573. https://doi.org/10.1080/13518046.2010.525465.
Ruel, G. K. (2011): The (Arctic) show must go on: natural resource craze and national identity in Arctic politics. International Journal, 66(4), 825–833. https://doi.org/10.1177/002070201106600411.
Russian Foreign Minister, Sergey Lavrov. (2019). Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov’s remarks and answers to media questions at the opening of the ministerial session of the 5th International Arctic Forum The Arctic: Territory of Dialogue. 5th International Arctic Forum The Arctic: Territory of Dialogue. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation. St. Petersburg, 4/9/2019. http://www.mid.ru/en/web/guest/meropriyatiya_s_uchastiem_ministra/-/asset_publisher/xK1BhB2bUjd3/content/id/3608543. Accessed July 23, 2019.
Rutland, P., Kazantsev, A. (2016). The limits of Russia’s ‘soft power’. Journal of Political Power, 9(3), 395–413. https://doi.org/10.1080/2158379X.2016.1232287.
Sale, R.,& Potapov, E. (2010). The scramble for the Arctic. Ownership, exploitation and conflict in the far north. 1. Frances Lincoln edition. London: Frances Lincoln Limited Publishers.
Schatzki, T. R., Knorr Cetina, K., & Von Savigny, E. (2001). The Practice Turn in Contemporary Theory. Transferred to digital print. London: Routledge.
Secretary of State, Michael R. Pompeo. (2019). Looking North: Sharpening America’s Arctic Focus. Rovaniemi, 5/6/2019. https://www.state.gov/looking-north-sharpening-americas-arctic-focus/. Accessed July 11, 2019.
Skogrand, K. (2004). Alliert i krig og fred. 1940 - 1970. Bergen: Eide (Norsk forsvarshistorie, Bd. 4).
Stauffer, P. H. (Ed.). (2008). Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal. Estimates of Undiscovered Oil and Gas North of the Arctic Circle. U.S. Geological Survey. Menlo Park (USGS Fact Sheet, 3049).
Stratfor Worldview. (2015). Russia in the Arctic: A Different Kind of Military Presence. Austin, Texas (Assessments). https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/russia-arctic-different-kind-military-presence. Accessed August 5, 2019.
Suez Canal Authority, Information Center. (2018). Suez Canal Traffic Statistics. Annual Report 2017. Ismailia. https://www.suezcanal.gov.eg/English/Downloads/DownloadsDocLibrary/Navigation%20Reports/Annual%20Reports%E2%80%8B%E2%80%8B%E2%80%8B/2017.pdf. Accessed July 6, 2019.
Swedish Armed Forces. (2018). Northern Wind. Swedish Army Exercise 2019. https://www.forsvarsmakten.se/en/activities/exercises/northern-wind/. Accessed Feb 1, 2019.
Tamnes, R., & Offerdal, K. (2014). Conclusion. In R. Tamnes & K. Offerdal (Eds.). Geopolitics and security in the Arctic. Regional dynamics in a global world (pp. 166–177). London: Routledge (Routledge global security studies).
TASS. (2019, May 27). Russia, Canada and Denmark discuss claimed ‘disputable’ Arctic shelf zones. Ottawa. TASS Russian News Agency. https://tass.com/arctic-today/1060175. Accessed July 23, 2019.
The Secretary General’s annual report 2018. (2019).
Vendil Pallin, C. (2010). Russia and its military: Between reform and modernization. In B. Nygren (Ed.) Russia on our minds. Russian Security Policy and Northern Europe (pp. 227–250). Stockholm: Swedish National Defence College (Strategic yearbook/Swedish National Defence College, 2008/2009).
Welch, D. A. (2013). The arctic and geopolitics. Edited by The Centre for International Governance Innovation. The Centre for International Governance Innovation. Waterloo (East Asia-Arctic Relation: Boundary, Security and International Politics, 6).
Wendt, A. (1992). Anarchy is what states make of it: The social construction of power politics. International organization. International Organization, 46(2), 391–425.
Wezeman, S. T. (2012). Military Capabilities in the Arctic. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Stockholm (SIPRI Background Paper).
Wezeman, S. T. (2016). Military capabilities in the Arctic. A New Cold War in the High North? Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Stockholm (SIPRI Background Paper).
Zysk, K. (2011). Military aspects of Russia’s arctic policy. Hard power and natural resources. In J. Kraska (Ed.) Arctic Security in an Age of Climate Change (pp. 85–106). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Zysk, K. (2015). Mellom fredsretorikk og militær opprustning: Russlands sikkerhetspolitiske og militære atferd i nordområdene. In T. Heier, A. Kjølberg (Eds.) Norge og Russland. Sikkerhetspolitiske utfordringer i nordområdene (pp. 71–84). Oslo: Universitetsforlag.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Schaller, B. (2020). The Non-Arctic Dimension of Military Security—Russia and the West Between Regional Cooperation and Geopolitical Confrontation. In: Weber, J. (eds) Handbook on Geopolitics and Security in the Arctic. Frontiers in International Relations. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45005-2_19
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45005-2_19
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-45004-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-45005-2
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)