Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Cyber-Physical Security

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:
Encyclopedia of Systems and Control

Abstract

Recent cyberattacks targeting critical infrastructures, such as power systems and nuclear facilities, have shown that malicious, advanced attacks on control and monitoring systems are a serious concern. These systems rely on tight integration of cyber and physical components, implying that cyberattacks may have serious physical consequences. This has led to an increased interest for Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) security, and we here review some of the fundamental problems considered. We review basic modeling of the CPS components in networked control systems and how to model a cyberattack. We discuss different classes of attack strategies and the resources required. Particular attention is given to analysis of detectability and impact of attacks. For the system operator, attack mitigation is a particular concern, and we review some common strategies. Finally, we point out future directions for research.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 1,699.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 1,999.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Bibliography

  • Amin S, Cárdenas AA, Sastry SS (2009) Safe and secure networked control systems under denial-of-service attacks. In: International workshop on hybrid systems: computation and control. Springer, pp 31–45

    Google Scholar 

  • Amin S, Litrico X, Sastry S, Bayen AM (2013) Cyber security of water SCADA systems-Part I: analysis and experimentation of stealthy deception attacks. IEEE Trans Control Syst Technol 21(5):1963–1970

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bai CZ, Pasqualetti F, Gupta V (2017) Data-injection attacks in stochastic control systems: detectability and performance tradeoffs. Automatica 82:251–260

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Basseville M (1988) Detecting changes in signals and systems: a survey. Automatica 24(3):309–326

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Bishop M (2002) Computer security: art and science. Addison-Wesley Professional, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Blanke M, Kinnaert M, Lunze J, Staroswiecki M (2015) Diagnosis and fault-tolerant control, 3rd edn. Springer

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Cardenas AA (2019) Cyber-physical systems security. Knowledge area report, CyBOK

    Google Scholar 

  • Cárdenas AA, Amin S, Lin ZS, Huang YL, Huang CY, Sastry S (2011) Attacks against process control systems: risk assessment, detection, and response. In: Proceedings of the 6th ACM symposium on information, computer and communications security, ASIACCS’11. ACM, New York, pp 355–366

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Cetinkaya A, Ishii H, Hayakawa T (2017) Networked control under random and malicious packet losses. IEEE Trans Autom Control 62(5):2434–2449

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Chong MS, Sandberg H, Teixeira AMH (2019) A tutorial introduction to security and privacy for cyber-physical systems. In: 2019 18th European control conference (ECC), pp 968–978

    Google Scholar 

  • Cortés J, Dullerud GE, Han S, Le Ny J, Mitra S, Pappas GJ (2016) Differential privacy in control and network systems. In: 2016 IEEE 55th conference on decision and control (CDC). IEEE, pp 4252–4272

    Google Scholar 

  • De Persis C, Tesi P (2015) Input-to-state stabilizing control under denial-of-service. IEEE Trans Autom Control 60(11):2930–2944

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Farokhi F, Shames I, Batterham N (2017) Secure and private control using semi-homomorphic encryption. Control Eng Pract 67:13–20

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fawzi H, Tabuada P, Diggavi S (2014) Secure estimation and control for cyber-physical systems under adversarial attacks. IEEE Trans Autom Control 59(6):1454–1467

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrari RM, Teixeira AM (2017) Detection and isolation of replay attacks through sensor watermarking. IFAC-PapersOnLine 50(1):7363–7368

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giraldo J, Urbina D, Cardenas A, Valente J, Faisal M, Ruths J, Tippenhauer NO, Sandberg H, Candell R (2018) A survey of physics-based attack detection in cyber-physical systems. ACM Comput Surv 51(4):76:1–76:36

    Google Scholar 

  • Hemsley KE, Fisher RE (2018) History of industrial control system cyber incidents. Technical Report INL/CON-18-44411-Rev002, Idaho National Lab. (INL), Idaho Falls

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim J, Lee C, Shim H, Cheon JH, Kim A, Kim M, Song Y (2016) Encrypting controller using fully homomorphic encryption for security of cyber-physical systems. IFAC-PapersOnLine 49(22):175–180

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leong AS, Redder A, Quevedo DE, Dey S (2018) On the use of artificial noise for secure state estimation in the presence of eavesdroppers. In: 2018 European control conference (ECC), pp 325–330

    Google Scholar 

  • Miao F, Zhu Q, Pajic M, Pappas GJ (2017) Coding schemes for securing cyber-physical systems against stealthy data injection attacks. IEEE Trans Control Netw Syst 4(1):106–117

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Mo Y, Sinopoli B (2009) Secure control against replay attacks. In: 2009 47th annual Allerton conference on communication, control, and computing, Allerton, pp 911–918

    Google Scholar 

  • Mo Y, Garone E, Casavola A, Sinopoli B (2010) False data injection attacks against state estimation in wireless sensor networks. In: 49th IEEE conference on decision and control (CDC), pp 5967–5972

    Google Scholar 

  • Mo Y, Weerakkody S, Sinopoli B (2015) Physical authentication of control systems: designing watermarked control inputs to detect counterfeit sensor outputs. IEEE Control Syst 35(1):93–109

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Pasqualetti F, Dörfler F, Bullo F (2013) Attack detection and identification in cyber-physical systems. IEEE Trans Autom Control 58(11):2715–2729

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Sandberg H, Amin S, Johansson KH (2015) Cyberphysical security in networked control systems: an introduction to the issue. IEEE Control Syst Mag 35(1):20–23

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Sundaram S, Hadjicostis CN (2011) Distributed function calculation via linear iterative strategies in the presence of malicious agents. IEEE Trans Autom Control 56(7):1495–1508

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Teixeira A, Shames I, Sandberg H, Johansson KH (2015) A secure control framework for resource-limited adversaries. Automatica 51(1):135–148

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Ugrinovskii V, Langbort C (2017) Controller–jammer game models of denial of service in control systems operating over packet-dropping links. Automatica 84:128–141

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Weerakkody S, Sinopoli B (2015) Detecting integrity attacks on control systems using a moving target approach. In: 2015 54th IEEE conference on decision and control (CDC). IEEE, pp 5820–5826

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiese M, Oechtering TJ, Johansson KH, Papadimitratos P, Sandberg H, Skoglund M (2019) Secure estimation and zero-error secrecy capacity. IEEE Trans Autom Control. 64(3):1047–1062

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Decision and Control Systems, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden

    Henrik Sandberg

Authors
  1. Henrik Sandberg
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Henrik Sandberg .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. College of Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA

    John Baillieul

  2. Technological Leadership Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MA, USA

    Tariq Samad

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Sandberg, H. (2021). Cyber-Physical Security. In: Baillieul, J., Samad, T. (eds) Encyclopedia of Systems and Control. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44184-5_100112

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation