Abstract
Wireless sensor network (WSN) is a cost-effective networking solution for information updating in the coverage radius or in the sensing region. To record a real time event, large number of sensor nodes (SNs) need to be arranged systematically, such that information collection is possible for longer span of time. But, the hurdle faced by WSN is the limited resources of SNs. Hence, there is high demand to design and implement an energy efficient scheme to prolong the operational lifetime of WSN. Clustering based routing is the most suitable approach to support for load balancing, fault tolerance, and reliable communication to prolong performance parameters of WSN. These performance parameters are achieved at the cost of reduced lifetime of cluster head (CH). Inappropriate CH election may lead to more energy dissipation, overburden the CHs and thus degrades the network lifetime. So, there should be an appropriate selection of CHs using efficient routing algorithms to prolong the lifespan of network. To overcome this problem, many researchers make use of optimization algorithms for decision making of CH selection in WSN. This paper illustrates a survey of clustering hierarchical routing protocols along with clustering protocols based on optimization algorithms with possible future directions.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Karl, H., Willig, A.: Protocols and Architectures for Wireless Sensor Networks. Wiley Ltd., London (2005)
Pantazis, N.A., Nikolidakis, S.A., Vergados, D.D.: Energy-efficient routing protocols in wireless sensor networks: a Survey. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials 15(2), 551–591 (2013)
Guo, W., Zhang, W.: A survey on intelligent routing protocols in wireless sensor networks. J. Netw. Comput. Appl. 38, 185–201 (2014)
Zin, SMd, Anuar, N.B., Kiah, L.M., Pathan, A.K.: Routing protocol design for secure WSN: review and open research issues. J. Netw. Comput. Appl. 41, 517–530 (2014)
Akyildiz, I., Su, W., Sankarasubramaniam, Y., Cayirci, E.: Wireless sensor networks: a survey. Comput. Netw. 38(4), 393–422 (2002)
Akyildiz, I.F., Su, W., Sankarasubramaniam, Y., Cayirci, E.: A survey on sensor networks. IEEE Commun. Mag. 40(8), 102–114 (2002)
Intanagonwiwat, C., Govindan, R., Estrin, D.: Directed diffusion: a scalable and robust communication paradigm for sensor networks. In: Proceedings of the 6th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking. Boston, Massachusetts, pp. 56–67 (2000)
Sadagopan, N., Krishnamachari, B., Helmy, A.: Active query forwarding in sensor networks (ACQUIRE). Ad Hoc Netw. 3(1), 91–113 (2005)
Kulik, J., Heinzelman, W.R., Balakrishnan, H.: Adaptive protocols for information dissemination in wireless sensor networks. In: Proceedings of the 5th Annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA, Washington, pp. 174–185 (1999)
Heinzelman, W., Chandrakasan, A., Balakrishnan, H.: Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless microsensor networks. In: Proceedings of the 33rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, HI, USA, vol. 8, p. 110 (2000)
Heinzelman, W., Chandrakasan, A., Balakrishnan, H.: An application-specific protocol architecture for wireless microsensor networks. IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun. 1(4), 60–70 (2002)
Lindsey, S., Raghavendra, C.: PEGASIS: power-efficient gathering in sensor information systems. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Aerospace Conference, USA, Montana, vol. 3, pp. 1125–1130 (2002)
Manjeshwar, A., Agrawal, D.: TEEN: a routing protocol for enhanced efficiency in wireless sensor networks. In: Proceedings of the 15th International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium (IPDPS’01) Workshops, USA, California, pp. 2009–2015 (2001)
Manjeshwar, A., Agrawal, D.: APTEEN: a hybrid protocol for efficient routing and comprehensive information retrieval in wireless sensor networks. In: Proceedings of the International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium, Florida, pp. 195–202 (2002)
Basagni, S., Chlamtac, I., Syrotiuk, V., Woodward, B.: A distance routing effect algorithm for mobility (DREAM). In: Proceedings of the 4th Annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, USA, Texas, pp. 67–84 (1998)
Yu, Y., Govindan, R., Estrin, D.: Geographical and Energy Aware Routing: A Recursive Data Dissemination Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks. UCLA Computer Science Department Technical Report, pp. 1–11 (2001)
Blum, B., He, T., Son, S., Stankovic, J.: IGF: A State-Free Robust Communication Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks. Technical Report CS-2003-11, Department of Computer Science, University of Virginia, USA (2003)
Chen, D., Varshney, P.: On-demand geographic forwarding for data delivery in wireless sensor networks. Comput. Commun. 30(14–15), 29542967 (2007)
Chen, M., Leung, V., Mao, S., Xiao, Y., Chlamtac, I.: Hybrid geographical routing for flexible energy-delay trade-offs. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 58(9), 4976–4988 (2009)
Sohrabi, K., Gao, J., Ailawadhi, V., Pottie, G.: Protocols for self-organization of a wireless sensor network. IEEE Pers. Commun. 7(5), 16–27 (1999)
He, T., Stankovic, J., Lu, C., Abdelzaher, T.: SPEED: A stateless protocol for real-time communication in sensor networks, In Proc. 23rd International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, Torodo, pp. 46–55 (2003)
Felemban, E., Lee, C., Ekici, E.: MMSPEED: Multipath multi-SPEED protocol for QoS guarantee of reliability and timeliness in wireless sensor networks. IEEE Trans. Mobile Comput. 5(6), 738–754 (2006)
Chen, M., Guizani, M., Jo, M.: Mobile multimedia sensor networks: architecture and routing. In: Proceedings of the Mobility Management in the Networks of the Future World, Shanghai, pp. 409–412 (2011)
Akyildiz, I.F., Vuran, M.C.: Wireless Sensor Networks. Wiley Ltd, London (2010)
Hu, F., Cao, X.: Wireless Sensor Networks: Principles and Practice. CRC Press, Boca Raton (2010)
Xiangning, F., Yulin, S.: Improvement on LEACH protocol of wireless sensor network. In: International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications (Sensor Comm 2007), Valencia, Spain, vol. 4, pp. 260, 14–20 Oct 2007
Lindsey, S., Raghavendra, C.S., Sivalingam, K.M.: Data gathering algorithms in sensor networks using energy metrics. IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst. 13(9), 924–935 (2002)
Younis, O., Fahmy, S.: HEED: a hybrid, energy-efficient, distributed clustering approach for ad hoc sensor networks. IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput. 3(4), 366–379 (2004)
Chand, S., Singh, S., Kumar, B.: Heterogeneous HEED protocol for wireless sensor networks. Wirel. Pers. Commun. 77, 2117–2139 (2014)
Smaragdakis, G., Matta, I., Bestavros, A.: SEP: a stable election protocol for clustered heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. In: International Workshop on SANPA (2004)
Aderohunmu, F.A., Deng, J.D.: An Enhanced Stable Election Protocol (E-SEP) for Clustered Heterogeneous WSN. Department of Information Science, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
Kashaf, A., Javaid, N., Khan, Z.A., Khan, I.A.: TSEP: threshold-sensitive stable election protocol for WSNs. In: 10th International Conference on Frontiers of Information Technology (FIT), vol. 164, no. 168, pp. 17–19 (2012)
Kumar, S., Verma, S.K., Kumar, A.: Enhanced threshold sensitive stable election protocol for heterogeneous wireless sensor network. Wirel. Pers. Commun. 85, 2643–2656 (2015)
Qing, L., Zhu, Q., Wang, M.: Design of a distributed energy-efficient clustering algorithm for heterogeneous wireless sensor network. Comput. Commun. 29, 2230–2237 (2006)
Rathee, A., Kashyap, I., Choudhary, K.: Developed distributed energy-efficient clustering (DDEEC) algorithm based on fuzzy logic approach for optimizing energy management in heterogeneous WSNs. Int. J. Comput. Appl. 115(17), 14–19 (2015)
Javaid, N., Qureshi, T.N., Khan, A.H., Iqbal, A., Akhtar, E., Ishfaq, M.: EDDEEC: enhanced developed distributed energy-efficient clustering for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. Procedia Comput. Sci. 19, 914–919 (2013)
Kang, S.H., Nguyen, T.: Distance based thresholds for cluster head selection in wireless sensor networks. IEEE Commun. Lett. 16(9), 1396–1399 (2012)
Mehdi, G., Nia, F.K., Mehdi, H., Yones, V.: The novel energy adaptive protocol for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. In: 3rd IEEE International Conference on Computer Science and Information Technology (ICCSIT), pp. 178–182 (2010)
Loscri, V., Morabito, G., Marano, S.: A two-levels hierarchy for low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (TL-LEACH). In: 2nd IEEE Semiannual Vehicular Technology Conference, vol. 25, no. 28, pp. 1809–1813 (2005)
Ye, M., Li, C., Chen, G., Wu, J.: EECS: an energy efficient clustering scheme in wireless sensor networks. In: 24th IEEE International Performance, Computing, and Communications Conference (IPCCC), USA, vol. 7, no. 9, pp. 535–540 (2005)
Li, C., Ye, M., Chen, G., Wu, J.: An energy-efficient unequal clustering mechanism for wireless sensor networks. In: 2nd IEEE International Conference on Mobile Ad-hoc and Sensor Systems Conference (MASS), vol. 7, no. 10, pp. 596–604 (2005)
Kumar, D.: Performance analysis of energy efficient clustering protocols for maximising lifetime of wireless sensor networks. IET Wirel. Sens. Syst. 4(1), 9–16 (2014)
Tarhani, M., Kavian, Y.S., Siavoshi, S.: SEECH: Scalable energy efficient clustering hierarchy protocol in wireless sensor networks. IEEE Sens. J. 14(11), 3944–3954 (2014)
Mittal, N., Singh, U.: Distance-based residual energy-efficient stable election protocol for WSNs. Arab. J. Sci. Eng. 40(6), 1637–1646 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-015-1641-x
Mittal, N., Singh, U., Sohi, B.S.: A stable energy efficient clustering protocol for wireless sensor networks. Wirel. Netw. 23(6), 1809–1821 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-016-1255-6
Hussain, S., Matin, A.W., Islam, O.: Genetic algorithm for hierarchical wireless sensor networks. J. Netw. 2, 87–97 (2007)
Attea, B.A., Khalil, E.A.: A new evolutionary based routing protocol for clustered heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. Appl. Soft Comput. 12, 1950–1957 (2012)
Khalil, E.A., Attea, B.A.: Energy-aware evolutionary routing protocol for dynamic clustering of wireless sensor networks. Swarm Evol. Comput. 1(4), 195–203 (2011)
Khalil, E.A., Attea, B.A.: Stable-aware evolutionary routing protocol for wireless sensor networks. Wirel. Pers. Commun. 69(4), 1799–1817 (2013)
Mittal, N., Singh, U., Sohi, B.S.: A novel energy efficient stable clustering approach for wireless sensor networks. Wirel. Pers. Commun. 95, 2947–2971 (2017)
Mittal, N., Singh, U., Sohi, B.S.: Harmony search algorithm based threshold-sensitive energy-efficient clustering protocols For WSNs”. Ad Hoc Sens. Wirel. Netw. 36, 149–174 (2017)
Mittal, N., Singh, U., Sohi, B.S.: A boolean spider monkey optimization based energy efficient clustering approach For WSNs. Wirel. Netw. 24(6), 2093–2109 (2018)
Mittal, N., Singh, U., Sohi, B.S.: An energy aware cluster-based stable protocol for wireless sensor networks. In: Neural Computing and Applications (NCAA), pp. 1–18 (2018)
Kuila, P., Gupta, S.K., Jana, P.K.: A novel evolutionary approach for load balanced clustering problem for wireless sensor networks. Swarm Evol. Comput. 12, 48–56 (2013)
Kuila, P., Jana, P.K.: A novel differential evolution based clustering algorithm for wireless sensor networks. Appl. Soft Comput. 25, 414–425 (2014)
Shokouhifar, M., Jalali, A.: A new evolutionary based application specific routing protocol for clustered wireless sensor networks. Int. J. Electron. Commun. 69, 432–441 (2015)
Hoang, D.C., Yadav, P., Kumar, R., Panda, S.K.: Real-time implementation of a harmony search algorithm-based clustering protocol for energy-efficient wireless sensor networks. IEEE Trans. Ind. Inf. 10(1), 774–783 (2014)
Kumar, N., Tyagi, S., Deng, D.: LA-EEHSC: Learning automata-based energy efficient heterogeneous selective clustering for wireless sensor networks. J. Netw. Comput. Appl. 46, 264–279 (2014)
Sert, S.A., Bagci, H., Yazici, A.: MOFCA: multi-objective fuzzy clustering algorithm for wireless sensor networks. Appl. Soft Comput. 30, 151–165 (2015)
Tomar, G.S., Sharma, T., Kumar, B.: Fuzzy based ant colony optimization approach for wireless sensor network. Wirel. Pers. Commun. 84, 361–375 (2015)
Tamandani, Y.K., Bokhari, M.U.: SEPFL routing protocol based on fuzzy logic control to extend the lifetime and throughput of the wireless sensor network. Wirel. Netw. 22(2), 647–653 (2015)
Zahedi, Z.M., Akbari, R., Shokouhifar, M., Safaei, F., Jalali, A.: Swarm intelligence based fuzzy routing protocol for clustered wireless sensor networks. Expert Syst. Appl. 55, 313–328 (2016)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Mittal, N., Srivastava, R. (2020). An Energy Efficient Clustered Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks. In: Balas, V., Kumar, R., Srivastava, R. (eds) Recent Trends and Advances in Artificial Intelligence and Internet of Things. Intelligent Systems Reference Library, vol 172. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32644-9_38
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32644-9_38
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-32643-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-32644-9
eBook Packages: Intelligent Technologies and RoboticsIntelligent Technologies and Robotics (R0)