Abstract
This is the Australian report on the topic of judicial deference to administrative decision-makers, for the 2018 Congress of the International Academy of Comparative Law in Fukuoka, Japan.
Judicial deference is a topic that has its origins in North American jurisprudence. In Australia, Gageler J has identified alternative meanings for the concept: respectful regard for the judgment or opinion of another; and respectful acknowledgement of the authority of another. This paper explores deference in both respects by considering the nature of the decision and the identity of the decision-maker; privative clauses limiting judicial review; procedural fairness, fact finding about jurisdictional error and the standard of reasonableness in judicial review.
The strict separation of powers in the Australian Constitution has profound implications for the administrative law system and for judicial review in Australia. Judicial review is concerned with the legality not the merits of decisions under review. A court will intervene if it perceives there has been an error of law, but not otherwise.
The comprehensive statutory system of merits review undertaken by tribunals at both Commonwealth and State levels reinforces the distinction between legality and merits review. There is less impetus to expand judicial review where an alternative is broadly available. While the courts have eschewed the language of deference, in practice a great deal of deference is shown to administrative decision-makers, except on questions of law.
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Notes
- 1.
A referendum to establish a republic was held on 6 November 1999. It failed to secure the required “double majority” of electors: a majority of Australian voters in a majority of States. Australian Constitution s 128. The referendum results are available at: http://www.aec.gov.au/Elections/referendums/1999_Referendum_Reports_Statistics/.
- 2.
The Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900 (UK) allowed the six Australian colonies to govern in their own right as part of the Commonwealth of Australia. By 31 July 1900 the voters of all 6 colonies had voted to join the Commonwealth of Australia.
- 3.
Australian Constitution s 1.
- 4.
Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act s 2; Australian Constitution s 61.
- 5.
Australian Constitution ss 2 and 61.
- 6.
Australian Constitution ss 62 and 64.
- 7.
Australian Constitution s 71.
- 8.
Controversially, in 1975 the Governor-General relied on so-called Reserve Powers to dismiss the Whitlam Government. Section 64 of the Constitution provides the Ministers hold office during the pleasure of the Governor-General.
- 9.
Australian Constitution ss 106, 107, 108 and 118.
- 10.
Constitution Act 1867 (Qld) s 2; Constitution Act 1902 (NSW) s 5; Constitution Act 1889 (WA) s 2; Constitution Act 1934 (SA) s 2(1)(b); Constitution Act 1934 (Tas) cl 1; Constitution Act 1975 (Vic) s 74A. The UK parliament retained the power to legislate for the States and Territories until the passage of the Australia Act 1986 (UK) and the Australia Act 1986 (Cth).
- 11.
Australian Constitution ss 51 and 52. The UK Parliament’s power to legislate with effect for the Commonwealth mostly ended with the Statute of Westminster 1931 (UK), adopted and given retrospective effect to 1939 by the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942 (Cth).
- 12.
Australian Constitution s 52.
- 13.
Australian Constitution s 51.
- 14.
Australian Constitution s 109.
- 15.
Australian Constitution s 122.
- 16.
Australian Constitution s 73.
- 17.
The right to appeal from a State court to the Queen-in-Council (or Privy Council) was removed by the passage of the Australia Act 1986 (UK) and the Australia Act 1986 (Cth).
- 18.
Jurisdiction of Courts (Cross-Vesting) Act 1987 (Cth) and cognate State and Territory legislation.
- 19.
Re Wakim; Ex parte McNally (1999) 198 CLR 511.
- 20.
Philip Morris Inc v Adam P Brown Male Fashions Pty Ltd (1981) 148 CLR 457; Fencott v Muller (1983) 152 CLR 570; and Stack v Coast Securities (No 9) Pty Ltd (1983) 154 CLR 261.
- 21.
Blackstone (1765–1769), p. 91.
- 22.
Blackstone (1765–1769), pp. 239, 234–235, 257.
- 23.
Maitland (1919), pp. 311–313, 320.
- 24.
Nelson (1972), pp. 1170–1172.
- 25.
5 US (1 Cranch) 137.
- 26.
New South Wales v Commonwealth (Wheat case) (1915) 20 CLR 54, 88.
- 27.
Australian Communist Party v Commonwealth (1951) 83 CLR 1, [18].
- 28.
Graham v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection; Te Puia v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection (2017) 91 ALJR 890, [39]-[40].
- 29.
Australian Constitution cl 5.
- 30.
Lange v Australian Broadcasting Corporation (1997) 189 CLR 520, 529.
- 31.
Mason (2000a), p. 332.
- 32.
Gleeson and Yezerski (2013), p. 328.
- 33.
The Hon Justice Murray Gleeson AC (2004), 6; R v Kirby; Ex parte Boilermakers’ Society of Australia (1956) 94 CLR 254, 276.
- 34.
R v Kirby; Ex parte Boilermakers’ Society of Australia (Boilermakers’ case) (1956) 94 CLR 254.
- 35.
Brandy v Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (1995) 183 CLR 245.
- 36.
Queensland Civil Administrative Tribunal Act 2009; Australian Capital Territory Civil and Administrative Tribunal Act 2008; New South Wales Civil Administrative Tribunal Act 2013; Northern Territory Civil Administrative Tribunal 2014; South Australian Civil and Administrative Tribunal Act 2013; Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal Act 1998; State Administrative Tribunal Act 2004 (WA).
- 37.
Church of Scientology v Woodward (1982) 154 CLR 25, 70.
- 38.
R v Coldham; Ex parte Australian Workers’ Union (1983) 153 CLR 415, 427.
- 39.
Church of Scientology v Woodward (1982) 154 CLR 25, 56–57.
- 40.
R v Commonwealth Court of Conciliation and Arbitration; Ex parte Whybrow & Co (1910) 11 CLR 1, 22–33.
- 41.
R v Hickman; Ex parte Fox and Clinton (1945) 70 CLR 598, 616.
- 42.
Plaintiff S157/2002 v The Commonwealth (2003) 211 CLR 476, [5].
- 43.
Australian Courts Act 1828 (Imp) (9 Geo 4 c 83), s 3, which conferred jurisdiction on the Supreme Court of New South Wales and the Supreme Court of Van Diemen’s Land; Supreme Court Act 1890 (Vic) s 18; Supreme Court Act 1867 (Qld) ss 21 and 34; Act No 31 of 1855-56 (SA) s 7; Supreme Court Act 1880 (WA) s 5, picking up Supreme Court Ordinance 1861 (WA) s 4.
- 44.
Kirk v Industrial Court (NSW) (2010) 239 CLR 531, [98].
- 45.
Judiciary Act 1903 (Cth) s 39B(1). The High Court may also remit a matter commenced in the original jurisdiction of the High Court to the Federal Court or a Court of a State or a Territory; Judiciary Act 1903 (Cth) s 44.
- 46.
New South Wales Administrative Decisions Review Act 1997 (NSW); Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act 1989 (ACT); Judicial Review Act 1991 (Qld); Administrative Law Act 1978 (Vic).
- 47.
R v Quin (1990) 170 CLR 1, 35–37.
- 48.
Hall (1981), p. 76.
- 49.
Queensland Civil Administrative Tribunal Act 2009 (Qld); Australian Capital Territory Civil and Administrative Tribunal Act 2008 (ACT); New South Wales Civil Administrative Tribunal Act 2013 (NSW); Northern Territory Civil Administrative Tribunal 2014 (NT); South Australian Civil and Administrative Tribunal Act 2013 (SA); Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal Act 1998 (Vic); State Administrative Tribunal Act 2004 (WA).
- 50.
Brandy v Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (1995) 183 CLR 245, 261.
- 51.
Re Greenham and Minister for the Capital Territory (1979) 2 ALD 137; Drake v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1979) 2 ALD 60.
- 52.
Drake v Minister for Immigration & Ethnic Affairs (1979) 46 FLR 409, 419.
- 53.
Creyke (1998), pp. 13–14; Queensland Building Services Authority v Meredith [2010] QCAGTA 50, [5]; Woodward v Minister for Fisheries [2000] NSWADT 143, [47].
- 54.
Shi v Migration Agents Registration Authority (2008) 248 ALR 390, [141].
- 55.
Kehl v Board of Professional Engineers [2010] QCATA 58.
- 56.
Superannuation (Resolution of Complaints) Act 1993 (Cth) s 37.
- 57.
The National Energy Law and National Gas Law provide this regime for decisions by the Australian Energy Regulator about distribution and pricing determinations.
- 58.
Mineral Resources Act 1989 (Qld) s 269.
- 59.
Drake v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1979) 24 ALR 577, 589–90.
- 60.
Gageler (2015), pp. 151–156.
- 61.
Chevron USA Inc v Natural Resources Defense Counsel, Inc (1984) 467 US 837.
- 62.
Chevron USA Inc v Natural Resources Defense Counsel, Inc (1984) 467 US 837, 843.
- 63.
E.g. Bayne (1991), pp. 38–39.
- 64.
R v Hickman; ex parte Fox (1945) 70 CLR 598, 615.
- 65.
Gageler (2015), p. 155.
- 66.
Corporation of the City of Enfield v Development Assessment Commission (2000) 199 CLR 135, [40].
- 67.
Sackville (2000), pp. 315–330.
- 68.
Mason (2000a), p. 339.
- 69.
Australian Communist Party v Commonwealth (1951) 83 CLR 1, 187–188.
- 70.
Corporation of the City of Enfield v Development Assessment Commission (2000) 199 CLR 135, [42].
- 71.
Corporation of the City of Enfield v Development Assessment Commission A37/1988 (11 August 1999).
- 72.
Australian Broadcasting Commission Staff Association v Bonner (1984) 2 FCR 561, 576.
- 73.
Sackville (2000), p. 323.
- 74.
Aronson and Dyer (2000).
- 75.
Official Record of the Debates of the Australasian Federal Convention, Adelaide, 20 April 1897, 953; 958–9; Official Record of the Melbourne Convention Debates, 31 January 1898, 311–2, 315, 318.
- 76.
Official Record of the Melbourne Convention Debates, 24 February 1898, 2047–2052.
- 77.
McGinty v Western Australia (1996) 186 CLR 140, 232.
- 78.
Western Australia v Commonwealth (1975) 134 CLR 201, 294.
- 79.
New South Wales v Commonwealth (Seas and Submerged Lands Case) (1975) 135 CLR 337, 388.
- 80.
Mabo v Queensland (No 2) (1992) 175 CLR 1, 31–32.
- 81.
Australian Communist Party v Commonwealth (1951) 83 CLR 1, 258 (Fullagar J); although Kitto J did not concede this exception at pp. 281–282 the exception is derived from two previous decisions of the High Court: Lloyd v Wallach (1915) 20 CLR 299 and Ex parte Walsh [1942] ALR 359.
- 82.
Australian Communist Party v Commonwealth (1951) 83 CLR 1, 176, 202, 207–8, 227, 268.
- 83.
Winterton (2003), pp. 128–129.
- 84.
Australian Communist Party v Commonwealth (1951) 83 CLR 1, 258.
- 85.
Australian Communist Party v Commonwealth (1951) 83 CLR 1, 258.
- 86.
Australian Communist Party v Commonwealth (1951) 83 CLR 1, 141.
- 87.
Australian Communist Party v Commonwealth (1951) 83 CLR 1, 51–52, 154, 163, 172.
- 88.
Winterton (2003), p. 135.
- 89.
Gerhady v Brown (1985) 159 CLR 70.
- 90.
Gerhady v Brown (1985) 159 CLR 70, 139.
- 91.
Gerhady v Brown (1985) 159 CLR 70, 138.
- 92.
Aurukun Shire Council & Anor v EO Office of Liquor Gaming and Racing in the Department of Treasury [2010] QCA 37, [211].
- 93.
Richardson v Forestry Commission (1988) 164 CLR 261 at 296.
- 94.
Mason (2000b), p. 795.
- 95.
Gageler (2009), p. 152.
- 96.
Minister for Arts, Heritage and Environment v Peko-Wallsend Ltd (1987) 75 ALR 218.
- 97.
Minister for Arts, Heritage and Environment v Peko-Wallsend Ltd (1987) 75 ALR 218, 224–225.
- 98.
South Australia v O’Shea (1987) 163 CLR 378, 387.
- 99.
Administrative Review Council. 2011. Proposed Considerations in Developing a Guide to the Scope of Judicial Review. https://www.arc.ag.gov.au/Documents/jrpart5.htm. Accessed October 2017.
- 100.
R v Toohey; ex parte The Northern Land Council (1981) 151 CLR 170.
- 101.
Hogg (1969), pp. 215–222.
- 102.
R v Toohey; ex parte The Northern Land Council (1981) 151 CLR 170 at 215.
- 103.
R v Toohey; ex parte The Northern Land Council (1981) 151 CLR 170, 228–229.
- 104.
FAI Insurances Ltd v Winneke (1981–82) 151 CLR 342.
- 105.
FAI Insurances Ltd v Winneke (1981–82) 151 CLR 342, 349.
- 106.
FAI Insurances Ltd v Winneke (1981–82) 151 CLR 342, 373–374.
- 107.
R v Quinn; Ex parte Consolidated Food Corporation ; (1977) 138 CLR 1.
- 108.
Attorney General v Quinn (1990) 170 CLR 1, 26.
- 109.
R v Richards; ex parte Fitzpatrick & Browne (1955) 92 CLR 157; Egan v Willis (1998) 73 ALJR 75.
- 110.
Maxwell v The Queen (1996) 184 CLR 501, 534.
- 111.
Director of Public Prosecutions, South Australia v B (1998) 194 CLR 566, 579–580.
- 112.
Bateman’s Bay Local Aboriginal Land Council v The Aboriginal Community Benefit Fund Pty Limited (1998) 194 CLR 247.
- 113.
Flynn v King (1949) 79 CLR 1, 8.
- 114.
Edney (2001), pp. 91–133.
- 115.
Stewart v Lewis (1993) 70 A Crim R 83 at 91; Binse v Williams (1998) 1 VR 381, 393.
- 116.
Gray, Hunter & Speedy v Director-General of Queensland Corrective Services Commission (1990) 45 A Crim R 364, 370; Walker v R (1992) 60 A Crim R 463, 466.
- 117.
McEvoy v Lobban (1989) 48 A Crim R 412, 412–413.
- 118.
Palmer v The Chief Executive, Qld Corrective Services & Ors [2010] QCA 316, [30].
- 119.
Palmer v The Chief Executive, Qld Corrective Services & Ors [2010] QCA 316.
- 120.
Judicial Review Act 1991 (Qld) s 48(1)(a).
- 121.
Palmer v The Chief Executive, Qld Corrective Services & Ors [2010] QCA 316, [38].
- 122.
Corporation of the City of Enfield v Development Assessment Commission (2000) 199 CLR 135, [45].
- 123.
Minister for Immigration & Multicultural Affairs v Eshetu (1999) 197 CLR 611, 655.
- 124.
Gageler (2015), pp. 151–156.
- 125.
Corporation of the City of Enfield v Development Assessment Commission (2000) 199 CLR 135, [60].
- 126.
Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v Wu Shan Liang (1996) 185 CLR 250.
- 127.
Re Minister for Immigration & Multicultural Affairs; Ex parte S20/2002 [2003] HCA 30, [150].
- 128.
Precision Data Holdings Pty Ltd v Wills (1991) 173 CLR 167, 189.
- 129.
Kable v Director of Public Prosecutions (NSW) (1996) 189 CLR 51.
- 130.
Petrotimor Companhia de Petroleos SARL v Commonwealth (2003) 126 FCR 354, 370; Al-Kateb v Godwin (2004) 219 CLR 562, 575; Thomas v Mowbray (2007) 233 CLR 307, 345, 352.
- 131.
Zines (1997), p. 198.
- 132.
Mason (2000a), p. 337.
- 133.
Re Drake and Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (No 2) (1979) 2 ALD 634.
- 134.
Drake v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1979) 24 ALR 577, 590–591 per Bowen CJ and Deane J.
- 135.
Mason (1994), p. 10.
- 136.
(1981) 151 CLR 342.
- 137.
Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister of Civil Service [1985] AC 374; Kioa v West (1985) 159 CLR 550.
- 138.
Wilcox (1989), p. 71.
- 139.
Administrative Review Council. 2003. The Scope of Judicial Review Discussion Paper. Part V – Proposed Considerations in Developing a Guide to the Scope of Judicial Review: 69–126.
- 140.
Administrative Review Council. 2003. The Scope of Judicial Review Discussion Paper. Part V – Proposed Considerations in Developing a Guide to the Scope of Judicial Review: 69–126.
- 141.
Sean Investments Pty Ltd v MacKellar (1981) 38 ALR 363, 375.
- 142.
Administrative Review Council. 2003. The Scope of Judicial Review Discussion Paper. Part V – Proposed Considerations in Developing a Guide to the Scope of Judicial Review: 95.
- 143.
Minister for Arts, Heritage and Environment v Peko-Wallsend Ltd (1987) 75 ALR 218, 280 (Sheppard J), 302 (Wilcox J).
- 144.
Australian Fisheries Management v PW Adams Pty Ltd (1995) 39 ALD 481.
- 145.
Arnold v Minister Administering Water Management Act 2000 [2014] NSWCA 386.
- 146.
Arnold v Minister Administering Water Management Act 2000 [2014] NSWCA 386, [88]-[118].
- 147.
Prasad v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship (2012) 128 ALD 113.
- 148.
Cianfranco v Director General, Premier’s Department [2006] NSWADTAP 137, [26].
- 149.
Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal Act 1998 s 57; State Administrative Tribunal Act 2004 (WA) s 28; Administrative Decisions Review Act 1997 (NSW) s 64; Northern Territory Civil and Administrative Tribunal Act 2014 s 48.
- 150.
Asimow and Lubbers (2011), p. 69.
- 151.
Re Becker and Minister for Immigration & Ethnic Affairs (1977) 15 ALR 696, 700.
- 152.
Re Chief Commissioner of State Revenue and Pacific General Securities Ltd and Finmore Holdings Pty Ltd (No 2) [2005] NSWADTAP 54, [59].
- 153.
Re Becker and Minister for Immigration & Ethnic Affairs (1977) 15 ALR 696.
- 154.
It was also the basis on which both the the Kerr and Ellicott Committees recommended that policy decisions of government ministers (high policy) be excluded from judicial review: Commonwealth Administrative Review Committee. 1971. Parliamentary Paper No 144/1971, [265]; R. J. Ellicott et al. 1973. Parliamentary Paper No 56/1973, [2.7].
- 155.
Edgar (2009), p. 144.
- 156.
Compton v Deputy Commissioner Ian Stewart [2010] QCAT 384, [26].
- 157.
Re Aston and Department of Primary Industries (1985) 8 ALD 666.
- 158.
Re Lumsden and Secretary, Department of Social Security (1986) 10 ALN N225; Re MT and Secretary, Department of Social Security (1986) 4 AAR 295.
- 159.
Ericson v Queensland Building Services Authority [2012] QCAT 13.
- 160.
Australian Aluminium Shop Fitters and Glazing Contractors Pty Ltd v City of Fitzroy (1982) 1 PABR 47.
- 161.
Stella v Whittlesea City Council [2005] VCAT 1825. This was also nominated by Brennan J as a specific example of when policy may not be applied in Drake (No 2): Re Drake and Minister for Immigration & Ethnic Affairs (No 2) (1979) 2 ALD 634, 636.
- 162.
Stockland Development Pty Ltd v Manly Council (2004) 136 LGERA 254.
- 163.
For a useful discussion of this topic, see Pearson (2010).
- 164.
Freckelton (2013), p. 47.
- 165.
R v Commonwealth Court of Conciliation & Arbitration; Ex parte Tramways (No 1) (Tramways case (No 1)) (1914) 18 CLR 54, 59, 68, 81, 83, 86.
- 166.
R v Hickman; Ex parte Fox and Clinton (1945) 70 CLR 598.
- 167.
R v Hickman; Ex parte Fox and Clinton (1945) 70 CLR 598, 616.
- 168.
Kerr (2005), p. 205.
- 169.
Migration Act 1958 ss 474(2)-474(5).
- 170.
S157/2002 v The Commonwealth (2003) 211 CLR 476, [9], [76], [104], [105], [162].
- 171.
Kerr (2005), p. 211.
- 172.
Graham v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection; Te Puia v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection (2017) 91 ALJR 890, [13]-[14].
- 173.
See, for example, Deputy Commissioner of Taxation v Richard Walter Pty Ltd (1995) 183 CLR 168, 194.
- 174.
See, for example, S157/2002 v The Commonwealth (2003) 211 CLR 476 [87].
- 175.
Kerr (2005), p. 214.
- 176.
Graham v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection; Te Puia v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection (2017) 91 ALJR 890, [46].
- 177.
Graham v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection; Te Puia v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection (2017) 91 ALJR 890, [48].
- 178.
Bodruddaza v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs (2007) 228 CLR 651, [55].
- 179.
Gypsy Jokers Motorcycle Club Inc v Commissioner of Police (2008) 234 CLR 532, [24] quoting Church of Scientology v Woodward (1982) 154 CLR 25, 61.
- 180.
Sankey v Whitlam (1978) 142 CLR 1, 41.
- 181.
Sankey v Whitlam (1978) 142 CLR 1, 38–39, 58–59, 95–96.
- 182.
Graham v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection; Te Puia v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection (2017) 91 ALJR 890, [29]-[53].
- 183.
Nicholas v The Queen (1998) 193 CLR 173, [24], [123], [152]-[154].
- 184.
Nicholas v The Queen (1998) 193 CLR 173, 188–191 [23]-[26], [52]-[55], [232]-[238].
- 185.
Public Service Association (SA) v Federated Clerks’ Union (SA) (1991) 173 CLR 132, 148–149.
- 186.
Boral Gas (NSW) Pty Ltd v Magill (1993) 32 NSWLR 501, 511.
- 187.
Attorney-General (NSW) v Quinn (1990) 170 CLR 1, 36.
- 188.
Mason (2000a), p. 332.
- 189.
Craig v South Australia (1995) 184 CLR 163, 179.
- 190.
Saaed v Minister for Immigration & Citizenship (2010) 241 CLR 252, [15], [58].
- 191.
S157/2002 v Commonwealth of Australia (2003) 211 CLR 476.
- 192.
Minister for Immigration and Citizenship v SZJSS [2010] HCA 48.
- 193.
Minister for Immigration and Citizenship v Li (2013) 249 CLR 332, 367.
- 194.
NAIS v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs (2005) 228 CLR 470.
- 195.
Plaintiff S10/2011 v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship (2012) 290 ALR 616, 667–668. See also South Australia v O’Shea (1987) 163 CLR 378.
- 196.
Minister for Immigration & Ethnic Affairs v Teoh (1995) 183 CLR 273.
- 197.
Re Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs; Ex parte Lam (2003) 214 CLR 1; Plaintiff S10/2011 v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship (2012) 290 ALR 616, [64].
- 198.
Craig v South Australia (1995) 184 CLR 163, 179.
- 199.
Enfield City Corp v Development Assessment Commission (2000) 199 CLR 135, [59] (footnotes omitted).
- 200.
Corporation of the City of Enfield v Development Assessment Commission (2000) 199 CLR, [28].
- 201.
Australian Heritage Commission v Mount Isa Mines Ltd (1995) 39 ALD 262, 270.
- 202.
Timbarra Protection Coalition Inc v Ross Mining NL & Ors (1999) 102 LGERA 52, [37].
- 203.
Australian Heritage Commission v Mt Isa Mines Ltd (1997) 187 CLR 297.
- 204.
Australian Heritage Commission v Mt Isa Mines Ltd (1997) 187 CLR 297, 306.
- 205.
Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs v Eshetu (1999) 197 CLR 611, 627, quoting, with approval, the remarks of Lord Brightman in Puhlhofer v Hillingdon London Borough Council [1986] AC 484, 518.
- 206.
Foley v Padley (1984) 154 CLR 349, 352–353, 370, 375.
- 207.
George v Rockett (1990) 170 CLR 104, 112.
- 208.
Buck v Bavone (1976) 135 CLR 110, 118–119.
- 209.
Minister for Immigration & Multicultural Affairs v Eshetu (1999) 197 LR 611, 654.
- 210.
Australian Broadcasting Tribunal v Bond (1990) 170 CLR 321.
- 211.
Australian Broadcasting Tribunal v Bond (1990) 170 CLR 321, 340–341.
- 212.
Australian Broadcasting Tribunal v Bond (1990) 170 CLR 321, 355–356.
- 213.
Associated Provincial Picture Houses v Wednesbury Corporation [1948] 1 KB 223.
- 214.
The nomenclature comes from Associated Provincial Picture Houses v Wednesbury Corporation [1948] 1 KB 223.
- 215.
R v Quin (1990) 170 CLR 1, 36–37.
- 216.
Minister for Arts, Heritage and Environment v Peko-Wallsend Ltd (1987) 75 ALR 218.
- 217.
Minister for Aboriginal Affairs v Peko-Wallsend Ltd (1986) 162 CLR 24.
- 218.
Freckelton (2013), p. 59.
- 219.
Hettiarachi (2007), p. 230.
- 220.
Payne v Deer [2000] 1 Qd R 535.
- 221.
Sunwater v Burdekin Shire Council (2002) 125 LGERA 23, [49]-[50].
- 222.
Minister for Immigration and Citizenship v Li (2013) 249 CLR 332.
- 223.
Minister for Immigration and Citizenship v Li (2013) 249 CLR 332, [108].
- 224.
Massie & Ors v Brisbane City Council [2007] QCA 159, [41].
- 225.
Bulger v Queensland Community Corrections Board [1993] QCA 493.
- 226.
Minister for Immigration and Citizenship v Li (2013) 249 CLR 332, 364.
- 227.
Minister for Immigration and Citizenship v Li (2013) 249 CLR 332, 351.
- 228.
Minister for Immigration and Citizenship v Li (2013) 249 CLR 332, 364.
- 229.
McDonald (2014), p. 130.
- 230.
Minister for Immigration and Border Protection v Singh (2014) 231 FCR 437, 447.
- 231.
Minister for Immigration and Citizenship v Li (2013) 249 CLR 332, 367.
- 232.
SZALDC v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs [2003] FCA 1497; Re Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs; Ex parte Applicant S20/2002 (2003) 198 ALR 59.
- 233.
M v P [2011] QSC 350, [38].
- 234.
Minister for Immigration v SZMDS (2010) 115 ALD 248, [131].
- 235.
Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs v SGLB (2004) 78 ALD 224, 232–233 [38].
- 236.
Minister for Immigration v SZMDS (2010) 115 ALD 248, [40].
- 237.
A v Corruption and Crime Commissioner [2013] WASCA 288, [129].
- 238.
CMC v Assistant Commissioner JP Swindells [2009] QSC 409, [13].
- 239.
Leask v Commonwealth (1996) 187 CLR 579, 601.
- 240.
Betfair Pty Ltd v State of Western Australia (2008) 234 CLR 418, [101].
- 241.
Commonwealth v Tasmania (1983) 158 CLR 1, 260 (Tasmanian Dam Case).
- 242.
Hettiarachi (2007), pp. 223–251.
- 243.
Administrative Review Council. 2012. Federal Judicial Review in Australia. Report No 50/2012, [3.30].
- 244.
Regina (Daly) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2001] 2 AC 532, 547.
- 245.
Preston (2006), p. 36.
- 246.
Freckelton (2014), p. 79.
References
A v Corruption and Crime Commissioner [2013] WASCA 288
Act No 31 of 1855-56 (SA)
Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act 1989 (ACT)
Administrative Decisions Review Act 1997 (NSW)
Administrative Law Act 1978 (Vic)
Administrative Review Council (2011) Proposed Considerations in Developing a Guide to the Scope of Judicial Review. Administrative Review Council. https://www.arc.ag.gov.au/Documents/jrpart5.htm. Accessed October 2017
Administrative Review Council, 2012, Federal Judicial Review in Australia
Al-Kateb v Godwin (2004) 219 CLR 562
Arnold v Minister Administering Water Management Act 2000 [2014] NSWCA 386
Aronson M, Dyer B (2000) Judicial review of administrative action. LBC Information Services, Sydney
Asimow M, Lubbers JS (2011) The merits of “merits review”: a comparative look at the Australian administrative appeals tribunal. Aust Inst Adm Law Forum 67:58–79
Associated Provincial Picture Houses v Wednesbury Corporation [1948] 1 KB 223
Attorney General v Quinn (1990) 170 CLR 1
Attorney-General (NSW) v Quinn (1990) 170 CLR 1
Aurukun Shire Council & Anor v EO Office of Liquor Gaming and Racing in the Department of Treasury [2010] QCA 37
Australia Act 1986 (Cth)
Australia Act 1986 (UK)
Australian Aluminium Shop Fitters and Glazing Contractors Pty Ltd v City of Fitzroy (1982) 1 PABR 47
Australian Broadcasting Commission Staff Association v Bonner (1984) 2 FCR 561
Australian Broadcasting Tribunal v Bond (1990) 170 CLR 321
Australian Capital Territory Civil and Administrative Tribunal Act 2008 (ACT)
Australian Communist Party v Commonwealth (1951) 83 CLR 1
Australian Constitution
Australian Courts Act 1828 (Imp)
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Kingham, F. (2019). Deference to the Administration in Judicial Review in Australia. In: Zhu, G. (eds) Deference to the Administration in Judicial Review. Ius Comparatum - Global Studies in Comparative Law, vol 39. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31539-9_3
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