Abstract
Since its emergence in the mid-2000s, Doppler wind lidars specifically developed for the wind industry were used for a number of different types of applications including field experiments that were focused on studying wind turbine wakes. Wake flows are to be considered as complex flows and represent for this reason a specific challenge to a remote-sensing lidar instrument. There are various approaches to overcome this challenge including the combination of certain lidar scan strategies and model assumptions as well as the application of more than one lidar device with overlapping planes or intersecting beams, respectively. The flexibility lidar technology offers is directly linked to the need for validating a specific measurement strategy in a particular situation. A respective framework is proposed with the definition of lidar use cases.
Beside a comprehensive introduction to lidar measurement principles and strategies, that are relevant for the measurement of wake characteristics, and the use case concept, we give an overview about published wake measurement campaigns. The listed field experiments are categorized with respect to the applied types of lidar instruments and measurement strategies as well as the studied wake features. When considering the limitations the technology may have in particular situations carefully and assessing the measurement uncertainties in a sufficient way, lidars can be very powerful tools for studying wake flows as well as for quantifying specific wake characteristics.
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Notes
- 1.
ZephIR, in the meantime renamed to ZX Lidars, refers to a cw lidar product, Windcube to a pulsed product by the manufacturer Leosphere. Windcube lidar devices are also available as long-range scanning lidars, then referred to as 100s or 200s. Another scanning lidar product, showing up in this list, is the Galion manufactured by Halo Photonics, which is similar to the Streamline product by the same manufacturer. Details about all mentioned products can be found in the included references.
- 2.
As pointed out, e.g., in Aitken et al. (2014), for studying wakes of utility-scale turbines, long-range Doppler lidars should be ideally mounted on the nacelle because then PPI scans can sample the wake at a zero elevation angle. Moreover, RHI scans would more often transect the wake centerline because the lidar yaws, along with the turbine, into the direction of the ambient flow. In campaigns with a ground-based scanning lidar, it is actually a non-negligible challenge to select elevation and azimuth in a way that the lidar scan intersects with the wake to a sufficient extent (see, e.g., Smalikho et al. 2013 for a discussion).
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Gottschall, J. (2022). Wake Measurements with Lidar. In: Stoevesandt, B., Schepers, G., Fuglsang, P., Sun, Y. (eds) Handbook of Wind Energy Aerodynamics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31307-4_55
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