Abstract
The Philippines and its cities are on their fastest pace towards urbanization. For example, Quezon City (QC) is developing aggressively and the effects of urbanization, that is, replacement of vegetation by building structures change the microclimate, which as a result raises summer temperatures by up to 7 °C. Primarily, two major impacts have been identified and extensively studied. First, urbanization affects climate; where cities tend to expel more heat compared to the nearby rural areas. This is known as Urban Heat Island (UHI); the second is that urbanization affects hydrology where cities have an increased rate of surface runoff which results in flooding. If Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) is to be attained by future cities, people must learn to minimize the onslaught of these effects. It is done by mapping Urban Morphology Types (UMT) of Barangay Greater Lagro, QC, using Geographic Information System (GIS). The findings revealed that 84% of Barangay is currently impervious, 7% is bare soil, and 9% is evapotranspiring. Further, surface temperature and runoff (STAR) tools are used. It is revealed that at 90% probability with “green infrastructure to land cover scenario,” the indicative maximum surface temperature in 2050 is at 37.2 °C. On the other hand, a “business as usual land cover scenario,” the temperature spiked up to 43 °C. With similar scenarios, there would be an increase in surface runoff resulting in higher flooding incidences with high precipitation. Thus, a Green Infrastructure Action Plan (GIAP) is recommended to prevent future surface runoff and to avert the development of expected UHI.
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Abbreviations
- BCRD:
-
Barangay and Community Relations Department
- BPLD:
-
Business Permit and Licensing Department
- CAD:
-
City Architect Department
- CBD:
-
City Budget Department
- CC:
-
Climate Change
- CCAM:
-
Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation
- CPDO:
-
City Planning and Development Department
- DBO:
-
Department of the Building Official
- DILG:
-
Department Interior and Local Government
- DJF:
-
December January February
- EPA:
-
Environmental Protection Agency
- EPWMD:
-
Environmental Protection and Waste Management Department
- GIAP:
-
Green Infrastructure Action Plan
- GIS:
-
Geographic Information System
- GRaBS:
-
Green and Blue Space
- HCDRD:
-
Housing Community Development and Resettlement Department
- JJA:
-
June July August
- LCCAP:
-
Local Climate Change Action Plan
- LGU:
-
Local Government Unit(s)
- MAM:
-
March April May
- NCCAP:
-
National Climate Change Action Plan
- NCR:
-
National Capital Region
- OBS:
-
Observation
- OCM:
-
Office of the Mayor
- PAGASA:
-
Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration
- PDAD:
-
Parks Development and Administration Department
- QC:
-
Quezon City
- QCED:
-
Quezon City Engineering Department
- RSCLUDP:
-
Risk Sensitive Comprehensive Land Use and Development Planning
- RWH:
-
Rainwater harvesting
- SON:
-
September October November
- SSDD:
-
Social Services Development Department
- STAR:
-
Surface Temperature and Runoff
- UHI:
-
Urban Heat Island
- UK:
-
United Kingdom
- UMT:
-
Urban Morphology Types
- UN-HABITAT:
-
United Nations Human Settlements Program
- UP SURP:
-
University of the Philippines, School of Urban and Regional Planning
- USF:
-
Urban Sustainability Framework
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Acknowledgments
We would also like to extend our thanks to the President and Dean of PSBA, Manila Dr. Jose F. Peralta, and the Quezon City Government for providing overall moral, financial, and technical support for this study.
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Annex A
Annex A
Procedure on Classify Urban Morphology Type
Urban Morphology is the study of the form of human settlements and, generally, the unconscious emerging of successive building activity. It is a form in the metropolitan area that focuses on the physical characteristics, roughness of the towns’/cities’ urban activities, and planning action. Also, it is an aspect of urbanism that emphasizes building types, thoroughfares, open space, and different form of land uses in the environment. At the end of this exercise, the user is expected to:
-
(a)
Categorize/aggregate land use into different urban morphology type classification.
-
(b)
Calculate land area of different urban morphology types.
The screenshots used in the preparation of the following training procedure are produced under the ArcGIS Online subscription ID: 849625938, PSBA.
-
(I)
Categorize land use data into Urban Morphology Classification
-
1.
Open ArcMap.
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2.
Load the QC_District1_ELU shapefile using the Add Data icon . (Figure) Browse on your working folder (..:\crModule 2\Data) and search for the QC_District1_ELU shapefile, the file that ends in .shp.
-
1.
-
3.
Create a copy of the ELU shapefile by right-clicking the layer and selecting Data > Export Data.
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4.
Browse into your working folder (..:\crActivity 2\Data) and save the file as “QC_District1_UM.shp” to indicate that this shapefile contains the urban morphology data.
-
5.
The following dialog box will appear. Select Yes to add the exported data to the current workspace.
-
6.
In the Table of Contents, right-click the layer QC_District1_UM.shp and select Open Attribute Table.
-
7.
The Table window will appear. Add a new field by clicking on Table Options and selecting Add Field.
-
8.
Create a new field with properties as shown in the figure below (Name: EXPO_UNIT, Type: Text, Length: 50).
-
9.
To be able to fill entries on the new field, enable editing for your “Urban Morphology” shapefile by right-clicking the layer and selecting Edit Features > Start Editing. You should now be able to enter or edit data into the attribute table.
-
10.
For each land use, we now encode the different urban morphology types we are going to use. Encode its corresponding Code on the “UM” field. We are going to use two different categories, classification for surface temperature and surface runoff .
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Raza, T., Raza, T.K.S., Castro, J.T., Liwag, C.R.E.U., Lidasan, H.S. (2021). Understanding Alteration to Surface Cover in Developing Urban Heat Island: Enhancing City Climate Change Adaptation Capacity, Quezon City, Philippines. In: Leal Filho, W., Luetz, J., Ayal, D. (eds) Handbook of Climate Change Management. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22759-3_294-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22759-3_294-1
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