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Chivalry, Nobility, and Romance: Richard Hurd and the Ideal Elizabethan Past

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Abstract

In 1762, when Richard Hurd (1720–1808) published a small work of historical-literary criticism, this was for him not the start of a long career in literary endeavor or scholarship. While not seeking a career in literary scholarship, Hurd’s two volumes of commentary were hugely successful, going through six editions in just a few years. Thomas Warton (1728–1790) revised his influential Observations on the Fearie Queene of Spenser (1754) after reading Hurd’s third Dialogue, on the Age of Queen Elizabeth. This chapter examines Hurd’s Elizabethan past, in which the monarchy, in the person of Elizabeth, and the nobility were in a balance of political power, while chivalry and romance formed the cultural and literary norms.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    G. M. Ditchfield and Sarah Brewer, “Richard Hurd (1720–1808), Bishop of Worcester,” Oxford Dictionary of National Biographyhttp://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-14249, accessed January 15, 2018.

  2. 2.

    Francis Kilvert, Memoirs of the Life and Writings of the Right Rev. Richard Hurd, D. D., Lord Bishop of Worcester; with a Selection from His Unpublished Correspondence and Other Unpublished Papers (London, 1860), 120–121.

  3. 3.

    Thomas Warton, Observations of the Faerie Queene of Spenser (London, 1754), 1.

  4. 4.

    Richard Terry, Poetry and the Making of the English Literary Past, 1660–1781 (Oxford, 2001), 295.

  5. 5.

    Thomas Percy to Richard Farmer, September 9, 1762: Cleanth Brooks, ed., The Percy Letters: Vol. 2, The Correspondence of Thomas Percy and Richard Farmer (Baton Rouge, 1946), 7.

  6. 6.

    Richard Hurd, Letters on Chivalry and Romance (London, 1762), 24.

  7. 7.

    Hurd, Letters, 24–25.

  8. 8.

    David R. Carlson, “Historicism and the In Medium Sordes of Hurd’s Letters on Chivalry and Romance,” Exemplaria, 3 (1991), 95–108; John M. Ganim, “The Myth of Medieval Romance,” in eds. R. Howard Bloch and Stephen G. Nichols, Medievalism and the Modern Temper (Baltimore, MD, 1996), 148–166, esp. 149–151.

  9. 9.

    Kristine Louise Haugen, “Chivalry and Romance in the Eighteenth Century: Richard Hurd and the Disenchantment of the Faerie Queene,” Prose Studies: History, Theory, Criticism, 23 (2000), 45–60, esp. 47.

  10. 10.

    For modern scholars’ views of Elizabethan chivalry and romance: Arthur B. Ferguson, The Chivalric Tradition in Renaissance England (Washington D. C., 1986); Richard C. McCoy, The Rites of Knighthood: The Literature and Politics of Elizabethan Chivalry (Berkeley, CA, 1986); Alex Davis, Chivalry and Romance in the English Renaissance (Cambridge, 2003).

  11. 11.

    John Watkins, Representing Elizabeth in Stuart England: Literature, History, Sovereignty (Cambridge, 2002), 108–135.

  12. 12.

    Watkins, Representing Elizabeth, 188–206.

  13. 13.

    Joseph Hone, Literature and Party Politics at the Accession of Queen Anne (Oxford, 2017), 72–73.

  14. 14.

    Matthew Prior, The Literary Works of Matthew Prior, eds. H. B. Bunker Wright and Monroe K. Spears, 2 vols. (Oxford, 1959), I, 232.

  15. 15.

    John Oldmixon, A Pastoral Poem on the Victories at Schellenburgh and Blenheim: Obtain’d by the Arms of the Confederates, under the Command of His Grace the Duke of Marlborough (London, 1704), 4–5.

  16. 16.

    Watkins, Representing Elizabeth, 213.

  17. 17.

    Christine Gerrard, The Patriot Opposition to Walpole: Politics, Poetry and National Myth, 1725–1742 (Oxford, 1994), 150–184. For more on how Patriots idealized historical monarchs: Jurriaan M. van Santvoort, “Chivalric Models of Patriot Kingship: Gilbert West, Lord Lyttelton and The Idea of a Patriot King,” History of European Ideas, 44 (2018), 14–34.

  18. 18.

    Henry St. John, Viscount Bolingbroke, Historical Writings, ed. Isaac Kramnick (Chicago, 1972), 238–274.

  19. 19.

    Julia M. Walker, The Elizabeth Icon: 1603–2003 (Basingstoke, 2004), 119–120. See also, Jennifer Clement, “Elizabeth I, Patriotism, and the Imagined Nation in Three Eighteenth-Century Plays,” Intellectual History Review, 22 (2012), 391–410; Jack Lynch, The Age of Elizabeth in the Age of Johnson (Cambridge, 2003), 67–69.

  20. 20.

    David Hume, The History of England: From the Invasion of Julius Caesar to the Revolution of 1688, 6 vols. (Indianapolis, 1983), iv, 124.

  21. 21.

    John Hervey, Baron Hervey, Ancient and Modern Liberty Stated and Compared (London, 1734), 24. Cited in H. T. Dickinson, Liberty and Property: Political Ideology in Eighteenth-Century Britain (London, 1977), 141.

  22. 22.

    Hurd, Letters, 119. For more on the eighteenth-century reception of Spenser: David Hill Radcliffe, Edmund Spenser: A Reception History (Columbia, SC., 1996); Richard C. Frushell, Edmund Spenser in the Early Eighteenth Century: Education, Imitation and the Making of a Literary Model (Pittsburgh, PA., 1999); Hazel Wilkinson, Edmund Spenser and the Eighteenth-Century Book (Cambridge, 2017).

  23. 23.

    Henry St. John, Viscount Bolingbroke, Political Writings, ed. David Armitage (Cambridge: 1997), 228, 231.

  24. 24.

    For radical politics during the reign of George III: John Brewer, Party Ideology and Popular Politics at the Accession of George III (Cambridge, 1976); Brewer, “English Radicalism in the Age of George III,” in ed. J.G.A. Pocock, Three British Revolutions: 1641, 1688, 1776 (Princeton, NJ, 1980), 323–67; Ian R. Christie, Wilkes, Wyvill and Reform: The Parliamentary Reform Movement in British Politics 1760–1785 (London, 1962); Dickinson, Liberty and Property, 195–231; and Dickinson, The Politics of the People in Eighteenth-Century Britain (London, 1995), 221–54.

  25. 25.

    Hurd to William Mason, May 8, 1770: Ernest Harold Pearce, The Correspondence of Richard Hurd and William Mason, ed. Leonard Whibley (Cambridge, 2014), 74–75.

  26. 26.

    Richard Hurd, Moral and Political Dialogues; with Letters on Chivalry and Romance, 3 vols. (London, 1788, sixth edition), II, 21, 263.

  27. 27.

    Richard Hurd to Thomas Balguy, September 6, 1759: Sarah Brewer, ed., The Early Letters of Bishop Richard Hurd, 1739–1752 (Woodbridge, 1995), 347. Hurd’s views on the prerogative were similar, but not on the implications this had for monarchy. Hurd was a strong supporter of monarchical rule, which he envisioned to be more informal.

  28. 28.

    Hurd, Dialogues, II, 2–82, passim.

  29. 29.

    Hurd, Dialogues, I, 155–156.

  30. 30.

    Hurd, Dialogues, I, 158.

  31. 31.

    Hurd, Dialogues, II, 269.

  32. 32.

    David Allan, Virtue, Learning and the Scottish Enlightenment: Ideas of Scholarship in Early Modern History (Edinburgh, 1993), 163. The Scottish Enlightenment scholars were profoundly indebted, in ways Hurd was not, to Francis Hutcheson, An Inquiry into the Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue in Two Treatises (Indianapolis, 2004).

  33. 33.

    David Allen, “‘An Institution Quite Misunderstood’: Chivalry and Sentimentalism in the Late Scottish Enlightenment,” in eds. Katie Stevenson and Barbara Gribling, Chivalry and the Medieval Past (Woodbridge, 2016), 15–34.

  34. 34.

    Hurd, Letters, 7–8.

  35. 35.

    Hurd, Letters, 11–23.

  36. 36.

    Hurd, Letters, 22.

  37. 37.

    Hurd, Dialogues, I, 156.

  38. 38.

    Hurd, Dialogues, I, 158–162, 163–164. Philip Connell has hinted that this could be interpreted as a variant of the French Thèse Nobiliaire, which aimed to restrain royal power by enlarging the political power of the French nobility: “British Identities and the Politics of Ancient Poetry in Later Eighteenth-Century England,” The Historical Journal, 49 (2006), 161–192, esp. 187. Hurd’s authority for historical chivalry, Sainte-Palaye, wrote his antiquarian work within the context of the Thèse Nobiliaire: Lionel Gossman, Medievalism and the Ideologies of the Enlightenment: The World and Work of La Curne de Sainte-Palaye (Baltimore, MD, 1968), 92–93.

  39. 39.

    Hurd, Dialogues, I, 178.

  40. 40.

    Gerald Newman, The Rise of English Nationalism: A Cultural History, 1740–1830 (London, 1987), 63; Bob Harris, Politics and the Nation: Britain in the Mid-Eighteenth Century (Oxford, 2002), 85; Philip Harling, The Waning of ‘Old Corruption’: The Politics of Economical Reform in Britain, 1779–1846 (Oxford, 1996), 3.

  41. 41.

    Reed Browning, Political and Constitutional Ideas of the Court Whigs (Baton Rouge, LA, 1986), 180–181. For an overview of eighteenth-century defenses of aristocracy and nobility: John Cannon, Aristocratic Century: The Peerage of Eighteenth-Century England (Cambridge, 1984), 148–174.

  42. 42.

    Hurd, Dialogue, I, 176.

  43. 43.

    Hurd, Letters, 36.

  44. 44.

    Catherine Macaulay, The History of England from the Accession of James I to That of the Brunswick Line, 8 vols. (London, 1765); Peter de Rapin-Thoyras, The History of England, as well Ecclesiastical and Civil, trans. Nicholas Tindal, 15 vols. (London, 1731).

  45. 45.

    Hurd, Dialogues, I, 162.

  46. 46.

    Hurd, Letters, 62.

  47. 47.

    Hurd, Dialogues, I, 169–171.

  48. 48.

    Barbara Taylor, “Feminists versus Gallants: Manners and Morals in Enlightenment Britain,” in eds. Sarah Knott and Barbara Taylor, Women, Gender and Enlightenment (Basingstoke, 2005), 30–52, esp. 40–41.

  49. 49.

    Michèle Cohen, “‘Manners’ Make the Man: Politeness, Chivalry, and the Construction of Masculinity,” Journal of British Studies, vol. 44 (2005), 312–329.

  50. 50.

    Hurd, Letters, 116.

  51. 51.

    Hurd, Dialogues, ii, 21–22.

  52. 52.

    Richard Hurd to George III, August 17, 1782: Sir John Fortescue, ed., The Correspondence of King George the Third: From 1760 to December 1783, 6 vols. (London, 1928), VI, 104.

  53. 53.

    Hurd, Letters, 118.

  54. 54.

    Karen O’Brien, Narratives of Enlightenment: Cosmopolitan History from Voltaire to Gibbon (Cambridge, 1997), 115. See, for example: William Robertson, The History of Scotland During the Reigns of Queen Mary and King James VI. Till His Accession to the Crown of England, 2 vols. (London, 1781), I, 430.

  55. 55.

    Hurd, Letters, 62.

  56. 56.

    Hurd, Letters, 63.

  57. 57.

    John Upton, Spenser’s Faerie Queene: A New Edition with a Glossary, and Notes Explanatory and Critical, 2 vols. (London, 1758), I, p. xxvii.

  58. 58.

    Hurd, Dialogues, II, 22. Nandini Das has recently emphasized the mutability of Elizabethan court chivalry, showing that it could be used both by the Queen to encourage her noble subjects and by the nobility to assert their own political and cultural power: Renaissance Romance: The Transformation of English Prose Fiction, 1570–1620 (Farnham, 2011), 35–54.

  59. 59.

    Hurd, Letters, 116–117.

  60. 60.

    Hurd, Dialogues, I, 188.

  61. 61.

    Hurd, Letters, 56.

  62. 62.

    For this creation of a canonical literary past: Howard D. Weinbrot, Britannia’s Issue: The Rise of British Literature from Dryden to Ossian (Cambridge, 1993); Jonathan Kramnick, Making the English Canon: Print-Capitalism and the Cultural Past, 1700–1770 (Cambridge, 1998); Terry, Poetry and the Making.

  63. 63.

    Jonathan Kramnick, “The Cultural Logic of Late Feudalism: Placing Spenser in the Eighteenth-Century,” ELH, 63 (1996), 871–892, esp. 888.

  64. 64.

    Hurd, Dialogues, I, 186.

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  1. Brighton College, Brighton, UK

    Jurriaan van Santvoort

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    Estelle Paranque

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van Santvoort, J. (2019). Chivalry, Nobility, and Romance: Richard Hurd and the Ideal Elizabethan Past. In: Paranque, E. (eds) Remembering Queens and Kings of Early Modern England and France. Queenship and Power. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22344-1_6

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