Abstract
This chapter reflects on public diplomacy actors in Russia, including not only states and diplomats but also individuals, groups and institutions involved in intercultural and inter-communal exchange, which influence international relations within the framework of relations between two or more states. Every day, individual citizens, non-governmental organisations and transnational corporations play an active part in discussions on international relations issues.
Public diplomacy in itself is by no means a substitute for the traditional one; it successfully supplements traditional diplomacy and allows us to prepare the most favourable political climate for subsequent steps in the foreign policy arena.
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Notes
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Cull, N. J., ‘Public Diplomacy’ Before Gullion: The Evolution of a Phrase/N. J. Cull—USC Center on Public Diplomacy—University of Southern California, 18 April 2006. http://uscpublicdiplomacy.org/index.php/newsroom/pdblog_detail/060418_public_diplomacy_before_gullion_the_evolution_of_a_phrase
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What is Public Diplomacy? [Electronic resource]/The Edward R. Murrow Center of Public Diplomacy, The Fletcher School—Tufts University, USA. //http://fletcher.tufts.edu/murrow/public-diplomacy.html
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The term “soft power” was coined by Joseph Nye—http://net.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/FFP0502S.pdf. At different times, it has been variously translated into Russian as “soft might”, “flexible power” and so on. Today, the most common translation used means “soft force”; however, the word “potency” implying an ability to get others to do what one wants, seems to be a better equivalent to the original than the word “force”.
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For more details, see http://gorchakovfund.ru/
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For more details, see http://russiancouncil.ru/
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Lebedeva, O., The History of Public Diplomacy in Russia. International Affairs: Summary, No. 2. Retrieved from https://interaffairs.ru/virtualread/eng/contents62_2.pdf
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The All-Union Society for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries (VOKS). Retrieved from https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki
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For more details, see http://rams.org.ru/istoriya
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Brief historical note: VOKS—SSOD—RAMSiR—Roszarubezhcenter—Rossotrudnichestvo (CitationRef CitationID="CR1">2010</CitationRef>). Retrieved from http://reading-hall.ru/publication.php?id=2525M
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The site of the Russian Centre for Science and Culture in Paris. Retrieved from http://www.russiefrance.org/ru/nous/historique.html
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Velikaya Anna, A., International Studies Association Paper. San Francisco, April 2018. Retrieved from Isanet.org
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For more details, see http://rams.org.ru/
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The annual budget of Russia Today (RT) amounts to around $30 million. For more details, see: «Another Voice in the Choir». An interview with Margarita Simonyan, editor-in-chief of Russia Today. Retrieved from: http://www.mediaatlas.ru/items/?id=3063&cat=interview&field=r_tv
In initial stages the annual investment in Al-Jazeera was worth approximately $150 million, in France 24 around €80 million. For more details, see: Dolinsky, A.V., International Broadcasting at the Service of the State. Kosmopolis №1(20), Spring 2008, pp. 68–69.
- 28.
The Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation. Retrieved from the official site of the MFA of Russia, http://www.mid.ru/Bl.nsf/arh/19DCF61BEFED61134325699C003B5FA3 (accessed 7 October 2000).
- 29.
President Vladimir Putin’s Speech at a Plenary Session of the Russian Federation Ambassadors and Permanent Representatives Meeting on July 12, 2004. PIR Center. Retrieved from http://www.pircenter.org/data/npr/putin120704.pdf
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The Regulation on the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation approved by Presidential Decree No. 865. 11 July 2004.The site of the MFA of Russia. Retrieved from http://www.mid.ru/bdomp/nsite-sv.nsf/6a5a8c8bf57c548743256aaa00420ab4/4325698400445d19c32570a000218473!OpenDocument
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The Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation, 2008. The official site of the President of Russia. Retrieved from http://www.kremlin.ru/text/docs/2008/07/204108.shtml
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The Order of the President of the Russian Federation on the Establishment of the Gorchakov Public Diplomacy Fund. The official site of the President of Russia. Retrieved from http://graph.document.kremlin.ru/page.aspx?1;1050068
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The Order of the President of the Russian Federation on the Establishment of the Non-Profit Partnership, Russian International Affairs Council. The official site of the President of Russia. Retrieved from http://graph.document.kremlin.ru/page.aspx?1;1050072
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Both at the press center of the Information and Press Department of the Foreign Ministry and special facilities in the central building. Other premises can also be used.
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These ideas were set forth in a number of official documents, in particular in the Doctrine of Information Security of September 9, 2000: The second ingredient of the national interests of the Russian Federation in the information sphere comprises information support for the state policy of the Russian Federation that involves conveying to the Russian and international public trustworthy information about the state policy of the Russian Federation and about its official position on socially significant events in Russian and international life.
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The speech made by Dmitry Medvedev at a meeting with Foreign Ministry staff/Press Service of the President of Russia//http://www.mid.ru/brp_4.nsf/0/C878E186E254440A4425799F00585897
- 38.
About Russkiy Vek. Russkiy Vek web portal. Retrieved from http://www.ruvek.ru/?module=pages&action=view&id=13
- 39.
Putin, V., Russia and the Changing World. Moscow News. Retrieved from http://mn.ru/politics/20120227/312306749.html (accessed 27 February 2012).
References
Brief Historical Note: VOKS—SSOD—RAMSiR—Roszarubezhcenter—Rossotrudnichestvo. (2010). Retrieved from http://reading-hall.ru/publication.php?id=2525M
Dolinsky, A. V. (2008, Spring). International Broadcasting at the Service of the State. Kosmopolis No. 1(20).
Dolinsky, A. (2012). What Is Public Diplomacy and Why Russia Needs It? Russian International Affairs Council. Retrieved from http://russiancouncil.ru/en/analytics-and-comments/analytics/what-is-public-diplomacy-and-why-russia-needs-it/
Executive Order on Measures to Implement the Russian Federation Foreign Policy Signed by V. Putin. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/15256
Fisher, G. H. (1972). Public Diplomacy and the Behavioral Sciences. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Lukin, A. (2013). Public Diplomacy. International Affairs: Summary No. 3, 2013. Retrieved from https://interaffairs.ru/virtualread/eng/contents59_3.pdf
Nicolson, H. (1941). Diplomacy (Russian ed.) (A. Troyanovsky, Ed.). Moscow: OGIZ. Retrieved from https://www.twirpx.com/file/559583/
Rossotrudnichestvo: 90 Years of Public Diplomacy. (2019). Retrieved from http://rs.gov.ru/ru/activities/4/projects/7
Simons, G. (2014). Russian Public Diplomacy in the 21st Century: Structure, Means and Message. Public Relations Review, 40, 440–449.
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Lebedeva, O. (2020). Russian Public Diplomacy: Historical Aspects. In: Velikaya, A.A., Simons, G. (eds) Russia’s Public Diplomacy. Studies in Diplomacy and International Relations. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12874-6_2
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