Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are recognized as emergent contaminants in both terrestrial and aquatic environments due to their ability to absorb and release toxic chemicals. The complex interactions that occur between synthetic MPs polymers and hydrophobic toxic compounds, metals, additives, and other emergent contaminants complicates the standardization of techniques used for the extraction and quantitation of these chemicals. Organic compounds are extracted from MPs by soaking, sonication, and the use of microwave, Soxhlet and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) techniques in a variety of polar and nonpolar solvents. The extracts are cleaned up through solid-phase extraction (SPE) and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) or liquid chromatography (LC) using an assortment of detectors. The analysis of metals from MPs is more standardized, usually with extraction in 20% aqua regia and analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrophotometry (ICP-MS). Published papers do not consistently report the use of standards, detection levels, and other quality control measures. This chapter provides a summary of research on the chemical analysis of toxic compounds sorbed to and leached from MPs in order to better understand the chemical processes and help advance the harmonization of chemical analysis of MPs and their associated contaminants.
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Abbreviations
- ABS:
-
Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene
- EPS:
-
Expanded polystyrene–styrofoam
- HDPE:
-
High-density polyethylene
- LDPE:
-
Low-density polyethylene
- PA:
-
Polyamide
- PE:
-
Polyethylene
- PET:
-
Polyethylene terephthalate
- PLA:
-
Polyactic acid
- PMMA:
-
Polymethyl methacrylate
- POM:
-
Polyoxymethylene
- PP:
-
Polypropylene
- PS:
-
Polystyrene
- PS-COOH:
-
Polystyrene carboxylate
- PVC:
-
Polyvinyl chloride
- UHMW PE:
-
Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene
- ASE:
-
Accelerated solvent extractor
- GPC:
-
Gel permeation chromatography
- PFE:
-
Pressurized fluid extractor
- PLE:
-
Pressurized liquid extraction
- SPE:
-
Solid-phase extraction
- SPME:
-
Solid-phase microextraction
- UAE:
-
Ultrasonic-assisted extraction
- AE:
-
Ethyl acetate
- ACN:
-
Acetonitrile
- CHX:
-
Cyclohexane
- DCM:
-
Dichloromethane
- DCMM:
-
Dichloromethaneromethane
- HEX:
-
Hexane
- HPCD:
-
Hydroxypropyl-ß-cyclodextrin
- MeOH:
-
Methanol
- NaBEt4:
-
Sodium tetraethylborate
- PBET:
-
Physiological based extraction fluid
- PDNS/DVB:
-
Polydimethylsiloxane-divinylbenzene fiber
- TFH:
-
Tetrahydrofuran
- μL2MS:
-
Microprobe laser-desorption laser-ionization spectrometry
- AA:
-
Atomic absorption spectrometry
- ECD:
-
Electron capture detector
- ECNI:
-
Electron capture negative ion
- EDS:
-
Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
- EI:
-
Electron impact - electron ionization mode
- EI+:
-
Positive electron ionization (electron impact) mode
- ESI:
-
Electrospray ionization
- ESI−:
-
Negative electrospray ionization
- FAAS:
-
Flame atomic absorption spectrometry
- FID:
-
Flame Ionization detector
- FP-XRF:
-
Fundamental parameters x-ray fluorescence
- FTIR:
-
Fourier transform infrared
- GC:
-
Gas chromatography
- HPLC:
-
High-performance liquid chromatography
- ICP-MS:
-
Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrophotometry
- ICP-OES:
-
Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry
- ITMS:
-
Ion-trap mass spectrometer
- LC:
-
Liquid chromatography
- LSC:
-
Liquid Scintillation Counter
- MD:
-
Mass detector
- MRM:
-
Multiple reaction monitoring modes
- MS:
-
Mass spectroscopy detector
- MSD:
-
Mass selective detector
- MS/MS:
-
Tandem mass spectrometry
- QLIT-MS/MS:
-
Quadrupole linear ion-trap tandem mass spectrometer
- SBSE:
-
Stir bar sorptive extraction
- SEM:
-
Scanning electron microscopy
- SIM:
-
Selective ion mode
- SIS:
-
Selective ion storage mode
- SRM:
-
Selective reaction monitoring mode
- ToF MS:
-
Time of flight MS
- TQMS:
-
Triple quadrupole mass spectrometer
- TQD:
-
Tandem quadrupole detector
- XRF:
-
X-ray fluorescence
- 1,3,6,8- BCZ:
-
1,3,6,8- Tetrabromocarbazole
- 2,4,6-TCP:
-
2,4,6-trichlorophenol
- 2,4-DCP:
-
2,4-Dichlorophenol
- 2,4-DTBP:
-
2,4-di-tert-butylphenol
- 3,6-BCZ:
-
3,6-dibromocarbazole
- 4-CP:
-
4-chlorophenol
- ACE:
-
Acenaphthene
- ACY:
-
Acenaphthylene
- AMX:
-
Amoxicillin
- ANT:
-
Anthracene
- BBT:
-
Butylbenzylphthalate
- BHT:
-
Butylated hydroxytoluene
- BPA:
-
Bisphenol A
- CBs:
-
Chlorinated benzenes
- CIP:
-
Ciprofloxacin
- CUP:
-
Current use pesticides
- DDD:
-
Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane
- DDE:
-
Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene
- DDTs:
-
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and related compounds
- DEHP:
-
Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate
- DEP:
-
Diethylphthalate
- DMP:
-
Dimethylphthalate
- DnBP:
-
Di-n-butyl phthalate
- FLN:
-
Fluorene
- FLT:
-
Fluoranthene
- GenX:
-
Hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid
- HBCDs:
-
Hexabromocyclododecane
- HBCDDs:
-
Hexabromocyclododecane
- HCB:
-
Hexachlorobenzene
- HCHs:
-
Hexachlorocyclohexane isomers
- NPs:
-
Nonylphenols
- OCPs:
-
Organochlorine pesticides
- OPEs:
-
Organophosphorus esters
- OPPS:
-
Organophosphate pesticides
- PAEs:
-
Phthalic acid esters
- PAHs:
-
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
- PBDEs:
-
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers
- PCBs:
-
Polychlorinated biphenyls
- PCP:
-
Pentachlorophenol
- PCPs:
-
Personal Care Products
- PeCB:
-
Pentachlorobenzene
- PFASs:
-
Perfluoroalkyl substances
- PFCs:
-
Perfluorinated compounds
- PFOA:
-
Perfluorooctanoic acid
- PFOS:
-
Perfluorooctanesulphonic acid
- PHE:
-
Phenanthrene
- POPs:
-
Persistent organic pollutants
- SDZ:
-
Sulfadiazine
- TC:
-
Tetracycline
- TMP:
-
Trimethoprim
- IPD:
-
Intra-particle diffusion
- ABLD:
-
Aqueous boundary layer diffusion
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Rios Mendoza, L.M., Balcer, M. (2021). Analysis of Chemical Compounds Related to Microplastics. In: Rocha-Santos, T., Costa, M., Mouneyrac, C. (eds) Handbook of Microplastics in the Environment. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10618-8_6-1
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