Abstract
A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer-based information system using special tools to manage location-based data and their attributes for decision-making. Geospatial functions cut across many fields and support problem solving through geodata design and analysis. GIS have been used, for example, in environmental conservation and wildlife management. Its use in tourism planning, development and management, and marketing of destination products is only a more recent approach. The adoption of the technology affects both the sustainability of environmental resources and the quality of tourists’ experience. The purpose of this chapter is, first, to explore the functionalities and usage potentials of GIS in the tourism domain. Second, two studies of Maasai Mara Game Reserve and Nairobi National Park portray how GIS and satellite remote sensing imagery is applied to assess the ecosystem’s changes, their causes, and major implications. Examination of Landsat satellite image data for 2000 and 2017 shows that due to conversion of areas to farmlands and settlements, the coverage of Mau Forest Complex, the main catchment area for the Mara ecosystem, had reduced by 30.2% and vegetation by 22.8%. The analysis of Nairobi National Park showed that the Kitengela wildlife migration corridor has been completely encroached by human settlement and mining activities, thus seriously compromising the performance of the ecosystem. Mapping of human development pressure on the ecosystem using GIS technologies can be used to assess and manage the tourism resources potential in conjunction to biodiversity conservation as a critical element in improving wildlife as a tourism destination product.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Éber F, Baggio R, Fuchs M (2018) Hyperlink network analysis of a multi destination region. Inf Technol Tour 20(1):181–188
Abdul-Rahman A, Morakot P (2013) Spatial data modelling for 3D GIS. J Chem Inf Model 53(9). https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
Abomeh OS (2017) Utilization of GIS technology for tourism management in Victoria Island Lagos
Adhikari B, Li J (2013) Modelling ambiguity in urban planning. Ann GIS 19(3):143–152. https://doi.org/10.1080/19475683.2013.806355
Ahmed S, Ibrahim RF, Hefny HA (2017) GIS-based network analysis for the roads network of the Greater Cairo area. CEUR Workshop Proceedings, 2144
Andrienko N, Andrienko G (2006) Exploratory analysis of spatial and temporal data
Avdimiotis S, Christou E (2008) G.I.S applications in tourism planning “A tool for sustainable development involving local communities”. Yugoslav J Oper Res 18(2):261–272. https://doi.org/10.2298/YUJOR0802261J
Ayiemba E, Owuor S, Kallehave P (2015) Maasai mara: the challenges of a world unique ecosystem
Baddeley A, Rubak E, Turner R (2016) Spatial point patterns. In: Spatial point patterns. https://doi.org/10.1201/b19708
Baggio R (2014) Creativity and the structure of tourism destination networks. Int J Tour Sci 14(1):137–154.
Baggio R, Del Chiappa G (2014) Real and virtual relationships in tourism digital ecosystems. Inf Technol Tour 14(1):3–19
Bahaire T, Elliott-White M (1999) The application of geographical information systems (GIS) in sustainable tourism planning: a review. J Sustain Tour 7(2):159–174
Bennett D, Armstrong M (2001) Fundamentals of geographic information systems (GIS). Manual Geospatial Sci Technol 411–430. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203305928.ch25
bhandari m (2014) is tourism always beneficial? A case study from Masai Mara National Reserve, Narok, Kenya. Pac J Sci Technol 15(1):458–483
Bhattacharjee S, Ghosh SK, Chen J (2019) Spatial interpolation. Stud Comput Intell 839:19–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8664-0_2
Bian L (2007) Object-oriented representation of environmental phenomena: is everything best represented as an object? Ann Assoc Am Geograph 97(2):267–281. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.2007.00535.x
Birendra B, Sagar RB (2005) Landslide mapping of the Everest region using high resolution satellite images and 3D visualization
Blaschke T (2010) Object based image analysis for remote sensing. ISPRS J Photogramm Remote Sens 65(1):2–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2009.06.004
Boitt MK (2016) Impacts of Mau Forest Catchment on the Great Rift Valley Lakes in Kenya. J Geosci Environ Prot 4(5):137–145. https://doi.org/10.4236/gep.2016.45014
Brandes U, Erlebach T (2005) Network analysis: methodological foundations. Lect Notes Comput Sci 3418. https://doi.org/10.1007/b106453
Brenes-Bastos M, Quesada-pineda HJ, Smith RL, Bush RJ (2014) Assessing geographical information system (GIS) use in marketing applications?: A case of study in the wood products industry
Brown G (2006) Mapping landscape values and development preferences: a method for tourism and residential development planning. Int J Tour Res 8(2):101–113
Buckland ST, White GC, Garrott RA (1991) Analysis of wildlife radio-tracking data. Biometrics 47(1). https://doi.org/10.2307/2532535
Bunruamkaew K, Murayama Y (2012) Land use and natural resources planning for sustainable ecotourism using GIS in Surat Thani, Thailand. Sustainability 4(3):412–429. https://doi.org/10.3390/su4030412
Burrough. (2001) GIS and geostatistics: Essential partners for spatial analysis. Environ Ecolog Stat 8
Burrough, McDonnell R, McDonnell R, Lloyd C (2015) Principles of geographical information systems. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=kvoJCAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1 &dq=Brief+History+of+Geographical+Information&ots=aKG25jv5JC&sig=aVNozM-0M4oi TAQfeUpGNFwyv3o
Chalkias C, Lasaridi K (2011) Benefits from GIS based modelling for municipal solid waste management. https://books.google.co.ke/books?hl=en&lr=&id=qeGdDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA 417&dq=GIS+for+Managing+Municipal+Services&ots=cwckkiZ51U&sig=UcMj3SJF6VnUV 7GDWIS97SVGVAI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=GIS for Managing Municipal Services &f=false
Chancellor C, Cole S (2008) Using geographic information system to visualize travel patterns and market research data. J Travel Tour Mark 25(3):341–54
Chatfield C (2005) Statistical analysis and data display. J R Stat Soc Ser A (Stat Soc) 168(2). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-985x.2005.358_6.x
Christ C, Hillel O, Matus S, Sweeting J (2003) Mapping Tourism’s Global Footprint
Cleckner H, Allen TR (2014) Dasymetric mapping and spatial modeling of mosquito vector exposure, Chesapeake, Virginia, USA. ISPRS Int J Geo-Inf 3(3):891–913. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi3030891
Cvetkoviæ, M., Jovanovic SS (2016) The application of Gis technology in tourism. Quaestus Multidiscip Res J 14:332–344
Del Chiappa G, Baggio R (2015) Knowledge transfer in smart tourism destinations: analysing the effects of a network structure. J Destin Mark Manag 4(3):145–150.
Dubovyk O (2017) The role of Remote Sensing in land degradation assessments: opportunities and challenges. Eur J Remote Sens 50(1):601–613. https://doi.org/10.1080/22797254.2017.1378926
Dunbar MD, Moskal LM, Jakubauskas ME (2004) 3D visualization for the analysis of forest cover change. Geocarto International, 19(2), 103–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/10106040408542310
Ebifuro O, Mienye E, Odubo TV (2016) Application of GIS in Improving Tax Revenue from the Informal Sector in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Int J Sci Res Publ 6(8):1–13. https://www.ijsrp.org
Esri (2005) GIS solutions for environmental management mapping your environmental management strategy. Esri
ESRI (2010) GIS for wildlife management. GIS Best Practices, October, 40. https://www.esri.com/library/bestpractices/wildlife-management.pdf
Evangelos K (2013) Advances in network analysis and its applications
Fan G, Liu Z (2013) An analysis and forecast of tourism demand based on web data mining in China. J Theor Appl Inf Technol 48(2):749–754
Feng R, Morrison AM (2002) GIS applications in tourism and hospitality marketing: a case in Brown County, Indiana. Anatolia: an international. J Tour Hosp Res 13(2):127–143
Ferreira J, João P, Martins J (2012) GIS for crime analysis. Geography Predict Models 15(1):36–49
Fotheringham S, Rogerson P (2005) Spatial Analysis and GIS
Fuchs M, Höpken W (2011) E-Business horizons in the tourism industry – challenges for research and practice. In: Sidali K, Spiller A, Schulze B (eds) Food agriculture and tourism: linking local gastronomy and rural tourism: interdisciplinary perspectives. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp 140–160
Fuchs M, Abadzhiev A, Svensson, B, Höpken W, Lexhagen M (2013) A knowledge destination framework for tourism sustainability – a business intelligence application from Sweden. Tour Interdiscip J 61(2):121–148
Gras R, Suzuki E, Guillet F, Filippo S (2008) Statistical implicative analysis
Gretzel U, Fuchs M, Baggio R, Hoepken W, Law R, Neidhardt J, Pesonen J, Zanker M, Xiang Z (2020) e-Tourism beyond COVID-19: a call for transformative research. Inf Technol Tour 22:187–203
Höpken W, Fuchs M, Keil D, Lexhagen M (2015) Business intelligence for cross-process knowledge extraction at tourism destinations. Inf Technol Tour 15(2):101–130
Höpken W, Fuchs M, Lexhagen M (2018) Big data analytics for tourism destinations. In: Encyclopedia of information science and technology. IGI Global, pp 349–363
Hand DJ (2008) Statistical analysis and modelling of spatial point patterns by Janine Illian, Antti Penttinen, Helga Stoyan, Dietrich Stoyan. Int Stat Rev 76(3). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-5823.2008.00062_23.x
Ioannides D, Gyimóthy S (2020) The COVID-19 crisis as an opportunity for escaping the unsustainable global tourism path. Tour Geograph. Online first. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1763445
Jotikapukkana S, Berg Å, Pattanavibool A (2010) Wildlife and human use of buffer-zone areas in a wildlife sanctuary. Wildl Res 37(6):466–474. https://doi.org/10.1071/WR09132
Jovanovic V, Njegus A (2008) The application of GIS in tourism and its components in tourism. Yugoslav J Oper Res 18(2):261–272
Kahumbu P (2016) Opposing camps to hold dialogue on railway through Nairobi National Park, The Guardian, 25 Oct 2016. https://wildlifedirect.org/portfolio-items/opposing-camps-to-hold-dialogue-on-railway-through-nairobi-national-park/ (Retrieved 2nd July 2020)
Kahumbu P (2019) Beneath Kilimandjaro: Elephant conservation in Kenya. In Bell C, Pinnock D (eds) The last elephants. Smithsonian Books, Washington, U.S., pp 317–334
Karadimas NV, Loumos VG (2008) GIS-based modelling for the estimation of municipal solid waste generation and collection. Waste Manag Res 26(4):337–346. The Journal of the International Solid Wastes and Public Cleansing Association, ISWA. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X07081484
Keller JK, Smith CR (2014) Improving GIS-based wildlife-habitat analysis. https://doi.org/978-3-319-09608-7
Kennedy KH (2009) Introduction to 3D Data Modeling whit ArcGIS
Kiboro L, Mwari K, Nkonge C (2016) Impact of land use changes on wildlife population in Nairobi National Park and Kitengela dispersal areas in Kenya. Int J Sci Res (IJSR) 5(8):462–465. https://doi.org/10.21275/v5i8.art2016774
Kim N, Graefe AR (2000) GIS application of outdoor recreation management: social and physical variables of carrying capacity. Int J Tour Sci 1(1):1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/15980634.2000.11434515
Knox D (2004) 3D Terrain visualization and virtual fly-through for tourism conservation using GIS. University of Southern Queensland Faculty of Engineering and Surveying
Koprowski R (2017) Image pre-processing. Stud Comput Intell 682:21–38. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50490-2_3
Krumm RJ, Erdmann AL, Joselyn MG (2013) Geographic information system technology. Pit Quarry 85(12). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6439-6_1340-2
Kumar NP (2013) A short note on the theory of perspective topology in GIS. Ann GIS 19(2):123–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/19475683.2013.782465
Kurian G (2014) Spatial analysis. The encyclopedia of political science. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781608712434.n1465
Lütkepohl H (2005) New introduction to multiple time series analysis. New introduction to Multiple Time Series Analysis. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-27752-1
Lafforgue E (2018) Nairobi National Park Situation Analysis 2015
Lau G, McKercher B (2006) Understanding tourist movement patterns in a destination: a GIS approach. Tour Hosp Res 7(1):39–49. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.thr.6050027
Lena S (2007) Models in Spatial Analysis
Lu D, Weng Q (2007) A survey of image classification methods and techniques for improving classification performance. Int J Remote Sens 28(5):823–870. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160600746456
Lwin KK, Murayama Y, Mizutani C (2012) Quantitative versus Qualitative Geospatial Data in Spatial Modelling and Decision Making. J Geograph Inf Syst 4(3):237–241. https://doi.org/10.4236/jgis.2012.43028
Maasai Mara Wildlife Conservancies Association. (2019) State of Mara Conservancies Report 2019
MacFarlane R (2005) A guide to GIS applications in integrated emergency management. Emergency Planning College, Cabinet Office, 127
Mahmoud, A-H, Ahmad R (2013) The smart city infrastructure development & monitoring. J Chem Inf Model 53(9):1689–1699. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
Mangat R (2020) Nairobi National Park under threat from city developers. The East African 10th June 2020. https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/ea/Nairobi-National-Park-under-threat-from-city-developers/4552908-5572844-2vs3gnz/index.html (Retrieved 2nd July 2020)
Mango LM, Melesse AM, McClain ME, Gann D, Setegn SG (2011) Land use and climate change impacts on the hydrology of the upper Mara River Basin, Kenya: results of a modeling study to support better resource management. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 15(7):2245–2258. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-2245-2011
Mat RC, Shariff ARM, Zulkifli AN, Rahim MSM, Mahayudin MH (2014) Using game engine for 3D terrain visualisation of GIS data: a review. IOP Conf Seri Earth Environ Sci 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/20/1/012037
Matouq M, El-Hasan T, Al-Bilbisi H, Abdelhadi M, Hindiyeh M, Eslamian S, Duheisat S (2013) The climate change implication on Jordan: a case study using GIS and Artificial Neural Networks for weather forecasting. J Taibah Univ Sci 7(2):44–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtusci.2013.04.001
Mcadam D (1999) The value and scope of geographical information systems in tourism management. J Sustain Tour 7(1):77–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669589908667327
Michael W., L. (2013) Network Flow Analysis. Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling (Vol. 53, Issue 9). https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
Minagawa T (1998) Application of geographic information systems to tourism development planning: a case study of Lombok, Indonesia
Munar AM (2012) Social media strategies and destination management. Scand J Hosp Tour 12(2):101–120
Mutanu B (2019) Death of Nairobi National Park: Why wildlife risks being wiped out, Daily Nation, 21 Oct 2019. https://www.nation.co.ke/kenya/healthy-nation/death-of-nairobi-national-park-why-wildlife-risks-being-wiped-out-215280, Retrieved 2nd July 2020
Norizawati MA, Azizul A, Mohamed B (2013) Spatial distributions of tourist in Langkawi Island. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Tourism Development: Building the Future of Tourism 1 Feb 2013, pp 301–309
Omondi L, Musula P (2011) Land degradation of the Mau forest complex in Eastern Africa: a review for management and restoration planning. Environ Monit. https://doi.org/10.5772/28532
Peña L, Casado-Arzuaga I, Onaindia M (2015) Mapping recreation supply and demand using an ecological and a social evaluation approach. Ecosyst Serv 13:108–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.12.008
Pitman A, Zanker M, Fuchs M, Lexhagen M (2010) Web usage mining in tourism – a query term analysis and clustering approach. In: Gretzel U, Law R, Fuchs M (eds) Information and communication technologies in tourism. Springer, New York, pp 393–403
Rahman MA (2010) Application of GIS in ecotourism development?: A case study in Sundarbans, Bangladesh. Search, June, pp 1–89
Rigaux P, Scholl M, Agnès V (2002) Spatial Databases: With Application to GIS. In Querying XML. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-55860-711-8.50025-3
Salem BB (2003) Application of GIS to biodiversity monitoring. J Arid Environ 54(1):91–114. https://doi.org/10.1006/jare.2001.0887
Serneels S, Lambin EF (2001) Impact of Land-Use Changes on the Wildebeest Migration in the Northern part of the source. J Biogeogr 28(3)
Service EW, Essays UK (2019) Introduction?: Definitions?: GIS?: Tourism, pp 1–15
Service Kenya Wildlife (2018) KWS financial report
SGR-IIA ESIA Habitat Planners (2016) Proposed standard gauge railway project from Nairobi south railway station-Naivasha industrial park-Enoosupukia , Narok. I (October)
Shashi S (2008) Encyclopedia of GIS. Choice Rev Online 45(11). https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.45-5931
Shoval N, Isaacson M (2007) Tracking tourists in the digital age. Ann Tour Res 34(1):141–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2006.07.007
Simonetti D, Marelli A, Hugh E (2015) IMPACT toolbox (Issue October) https://doi.org/10.2788/143497
Stillwell J, Clarke G (2006) Applied GIS and spatial analysis. Appl GIS Spat Anal. https://doi.org/10.1002/0470871334
Sureshkumar M, Uttej B, S DB, Mahadevan K (2017) Applications of GIS for Tourism. Int J Latest Eng Manag Res 2(4):12–16
Swart R (2016) Monitoring 40 years of land use change in the Mau Forest Complex, Kenya
Tao W (2013) Interdisciplinary urban GIS for smart cities: Advancements and opportunities. Geo-Spat Inf Sci 16(1):25–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/10095020.2013.774108
Thilagam VK, Sivasamy R (2013) Role of remote sensing and GIS in land resource inventory-A review. Agric Rev 34(4):295. https://doi.org/10.5958/j.0976-0741.34.4.015
Tiede D (2014) A new geospatial overlay method for the analysis and visualization of spatial change patterns using object-oriented data modeling concepts. Cartogr Geograph Inf Sci 41(3):227–234. https://doi.org/10.1080/15230406.2014.901900
Tourism Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya (2018) Tourism sector 2018, 1–6. http://www. tri.go.ke/
Van Kreveld M (2017) Geographic information systems. In: Handbook of Discrete and Computational Geometry, 3rd edn. 40(4):1555–1580. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315119601
Wang J, Bigham J, Phillips C (2017) A geographical proximity aware multi-path routing mechanism for resilient Networking 21(7):1533–1536
Werthner H (2019) Vienna manifesto on digital humanism. https://www.informatik.tuwien.ac.at/dighum/manifesto (Retrieved: 2 July 2020)
Werthner H, Alzua-Sorzabal A, Cantoni L, Dickinger A, Gretzel U, Jannach D, Neidhardt J, Pröll, B, Ricci F, Scaglione M, Stangl B, Stock O, Zanker M (2015) Future research issues in IT and tourism – a manifesto. J Inf Technol Tour 15(2):1–15
Westen CJ van (2013) Remote sensing and GIS for natural hazards assessment and disaster risk management. Public Relat Rev. 10(3):66. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0363-8111(84)80101-0
Wu C, Carson D (2008) Spatial and temporal tourist dispersal analysis in multiple destination travel. J Travel Res 46(3). Sage Publications. https://researchers.cdu.edu.au/en/publications/spatial-and-temporal-tourist-dispersal-analysis-in-multiple-desti
Wulder MA, Franklin SE (2007) Understanding Forest Disturbance and Spatial Pattern. J Chem Inf Model 53(9). CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
Wulder MA, White JC, Hay GJ, Castilla G (2008) Towards automated segmentation of forest inventory polygons on high spatial resolution satellite imagery. Forestry Chronicle 84(2):221–230. https://doi.org/10.5558/tfc84221-2
Xiao J, Boutaba R (2014) Reconciling the overlay and underlay tussle. IEEE/ACM Trans Netw 22(5):1489–1502. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNET.2013.2281276
Yao X, Li G (2018) Big spatial vector data management: a review. Big Earth Data 2(1):108–129. https://doi.org/10.1080/20964471.2018.1432115
Zanker M, Fuchs M, Seebacher A, Jessenitschnig M, Stromberger M (2009) An automated approach for deriving semantic annotations of tourism products based on geospatial information. In: Höpken W, Gretzel U, Law R (Hrsg) Information and communication technologies in tourism. Springer, Vienna, pp 211–221
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Section Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Magige, J.M., Jepkosgei, C., Onywere, S.M. (2020). Use of GIS and Remote Sensing in Tourism. In: Xiang, Z., Fuchs, M., Gretzel, U., Höpken, W. (eds) Handbook of e-Tourism. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05324-6_118-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05324-6_118-1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-05324-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-05324-6
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Business and ManagementReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences