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Methods for Measuring Exchangeable Protons in Glycosaminoglycans

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Glycosaminoglycans

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Biology ((MIMB,volume 1229))

Abstract

Recent NMR studies of the exchangeable protons of GAGs in aqueous solution, including those of the amide, sulfamate, and hydroxyl moieties, have demonstrated potential for the detection of intramolecular hydrogen bonds, providing insights into secondary structure preferences. GAG amide protons are observable by NMR over wide pH and temperature ranges; however, specific solution conditions are required to reduce the exchange rate of the sulfamate and hydroxyl protons and allow their detection by NMR. Building on the vast body of knowledge on detection of hydrogen bonds in peptides and proteins, a variety of methods can be used to identify hydrogen bonds in GAGs including temperature coefficient measurements, evaluation of chemical shift differences between oligo- and monosaccharides, and relative exchange rates measured through line shape analysis and EXSY spectra. Emerging strategies to allow direct detection of hydrogen bonds through heteronuclear couplings offer promise for the future. Molecular dynamic simulations are important in this effort both to predict and confirm hydrogen bond donors and acceptors.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Science Foundation grant CHE-1213845 to C.K.L. C.B. acknowledges support through a UCR GRMP fellowship and the US Department of Education, GAANN Award #P200A120170.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA

    Consuelo N. Beecher & Cynthia K. Larive

  2. Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Chemical Sciences 328, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA

    Cynthia K. Larive

Authors
  1. Consuelo N. Beecher
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  2. Cynthia K. Larive
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Cynthia K. Larive .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA

    Kuberan Balagurunathan

  2. Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA

    Hiroshi Nakato

  3. Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA

    Umesh R. Desai

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Beecher, C.N., Larive, C.K. (2015). Methods for Measuring Exchangeable Protons in Glycosaminoglycans. In: Balagurunathan, K., Nakato, H., Desai, U. (eds) Glycosaminoglycans. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1229. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1714-3_16

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1714-3_16

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  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-1713-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-1714-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

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