Abstract
The factors and mechanisms guiding human brain neurodevelopment are still largely unknown. This is due to the high complexity of the human brain, composed of roughly 90 billion neurons and an equal amount of nonneuronal cells. The knowledge we have regarding how the brain forms comes primarily from studies conducted on animal models such as the mouse. This has led to the understanding of numerous molecular, cellular, and organizational processes which are highly conserved among mammals. Nevertheless, human-specific characteristics of brain development require a human system for their study. The potential of human embryonic, and more recently, human-induced pluripotent stem cells to be differentiated into neural tissue has provided an incredible source to investigate these aspects. Initial approaches successfully generated a variety of human neural cell types in cultures, therefore, deciphering cell-type-specific characteristics of these cells. Lately, cerebral organoids were introduced as a new model system. Cerebral organoids are three-dimensional (3D) cultures that recapitulate various aspects of human brain development that cannot be observed in 2D cultures. The development of neural cells in a three-dimensional space adds a crucial level of complexity in their cytoarchitecture and richness to their extracellular environment. New technologies, such as the generation of assembloids and of chimera mice with transplanted organoids, have further expanded the applicability of cerebral organoids in the study of neurodevelopment.
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Forero Echeverry, A., Cappello, S. (2022). Cerebral Organoids in Developmental Neuroscience. In: Pfaff, D.W., Volkow, N.D., Rubenstein, J. (eds) Neuroscience in the 21st Century. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6434-1_179-1
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