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The Origins of the “End of Ideology?” Raymond Aron and Industrial Civilization

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The Companion to Raymond Aron

Part of the book series: Recovering Political Philosophy ((REPOPH))

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Abstract

From the mid-1950s to the 1960s, Raymond Aron played an important role in popularizing the notion that the postwar achievements of Europe’s partially managed, mixed economies held out the possibility of an end to the “ideological” politics of class conflict and polarization between left and right. This “end of ideology” argument has been identified as a distinguishing feature of “cold war liberalism,” a rhetorical shift in the language of anti-communism marking the dawn of a “golden age of capitalism.”1 Yet, in Aron’s writings, the origin of this argument is to be found not in capitalism’s golden age but in its moment of ultimate crisis during the Depression. This problematizes the notion of a clear divide between Aron’s pre-war socialism and cold war liberalism, highlighting the importance of reaching a more detailed knowledge of the former if we are to reach a better understanding of the latter.

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Notes

  1. Anthony Arblaster, The Rise and Decline of Western Liberalism, Oxford, Blackwell, 1984, 322–326

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  2. Giles Scott-Smith, “The Congress for Cultural Freedom, the End of Ideology and the 1955 Milan Conference ‘Defining the Parameters of Discourse,’” Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 37, July 2002, 437–455

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  3. Donald Sassoon, One Hundred Years of Socialism: The West European Left in the Twentieth Century, London, Fontana, 1997, 189–208.

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  4. Raymond Aron, Le Spectateur engagé. Entretiens avec Jean-Louis Missika et Dominique Wolton, Paris, Julliard, 1981, 25–26.

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  5. Robert Colquhoun, Raymond Aron: The Philosopher in History, 1905–1955, vol. 1, Beverly Hills, Sage, 1986, 32–33

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  6. Nicolas Baverez, Raymond Aron: un moraliste au temps des idéologies, Paris, Flammarion, 1993, 53–56.

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  7. The following discussion of French socialist revisionism draws upon Jean-François Sirinelli, Génération intellectuelle: khâgneux et normaliens dans l’entre-deux-guerres, Paris, Fayard, 1988

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  13. Raymond Aron, De Giscard à Mitterrand, 1977–1983, Paris, Editions de Fallois, 2005, 655

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  16. Raymond Aron, Mémoires. 50 ans de réflexion politique, Paris, Julliard, 1983, 47–48, 69.

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  17. Robert Marjolin, “Les années 30,” Commentaire, vol. 8, February 1985, 19.

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  19. Raymond Aron, “Réflexions sur les problèmes économiques français,” Revue de métaphysique et de morale, vol. XLIV, 1937, 793–822.

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  20. Richard Kuisel, Capitalism and the State in Modem France, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1981, 105–108

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  22. Serge Audier, Le Colloque Lippmann: aux origines du néo-libéralisme, Paris, Bord de l’Eau, 2008.

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  23. François Denord, Néolibéralisme version française: histoire d’une idéologie politique, Paris, Demopolis, 2007, 156.

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  24. Raymond Aron, Penser la liberté, penser la démocratie, Paris, Gallimard, 2005, 57–106.

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  25. “… si l’on peut gagner la guerre sans croire en la démocratie, on ne gagnera pas la paix si l’on ne croit pas en elle,” Raymond Aron, L’Homme contre les tyrans, New York, Editions de la Maison Française, 1944, 247.

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  26. “c’est une fait irrécusable que la prospérité et la grandeur d’une nation dépendent en une large mesure de la minorité qui tient les postes de commande.” Raymond Aron, L’Age des empires et l’avenir de la France, Paris, Défense de la France, 1945, 92–93, 103.

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  27. Raymond Aron, L’Opium des intellectuels, Paris, Hachette, 2002, 315–334.

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  28. The key texts here are Raymond Aron, Dix-Huit Leçons sur la société industrielle, Paris, Gallimard, 1962

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  29. Raymond Aron, La Lutte de classes: nouvelles leçons sur la société industrielle, Paris, Gallimard, 1964

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  30. Raymond Aron, Démocratie et totalitarisme, Paris, Gallimard, 1965.

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  31. See Pierre Grémion, Intelligence de l’anticommunisme: Le Congrès pour la liberté de la culture à Paris, 1950–1975, Paris, Fayard, 1995, 160–167.

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  32. The term “politics of productivity” is taken from Charles S. Maier, In Search of Stability: Explorations in Historical Political Economy, New York, Cambridge, 1987, 121–152.

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  33. Seymour Martin Lipset, Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics, London, Heinemann, 1960, 404–405.

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  34. Raymond Aron, “Remarques sur l’objectivité des sciences sociales,” Théoria, vol. V, 1939, 161–194.

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  35. Raymond Aron, Études Politiques, Paris, Gallimard, 1972, 195–215.

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  36. Raymond Aron, Leçons sur l’histoire: cours du Collège de France, Paris, Fallois, 1989, 274–293.

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  37. See also Raymond Aron, Les Élections de mars et la Ve République, Paris, Julliard, 1978.

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  38. Quoted in Luc Ferry and Alain Renaut, “Droits-libertés et droits-créances: Raymond Aron critique de Friedrich von Hayek,” Droits, vol. 2, 1985, 75.

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  39. For Aron’s more pessimistic reflections on this theme see his Essai sur les libertés, Paris, Calmann-Lévy, 1965

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  40. Raymond Aron, Les Désillusions du progrès, essai sur la dialectique de la modernité, Paris, Calmann-Lévy, 1969

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  41. Raymond Aron, Plaidoyer pour l’Europe décadente, Paris, Laffont, 1977

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  42. Raymond Aron, Liberté et égalité: cours au Collège de France, Paris, Editions de l’Ecole des hautes études en sciences sociales, 2013.

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Authors

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José Colen Elisabeth Dutartre-Michaut

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© 2015 José Colen and Elisabeth Dutartre-Michaut

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Stewart, I. (2015). The Origins of the “End of Ideology?” Raymond Aron and Industrial Civilization. In: Colen, J., Dutartre-Michaut, E. (eds) The Companion to Raymond Aron. Recovering Political Philosophy. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-52243-6_14

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