Skip to main content

Exploring Female Over-Migration in Rural Spain — Employment, Care Giving and Mobility

  • Chapter
Women and Migration in Rural Europe

Part of the book series: New Geographies of Europe ((NGE))

  • 368 Accesses

Abstract

Demographic imbalances between men and women have long existed in rural areas. The masculinisation of rural areas caused by the differences in migration behaviour between men and women is a phenomenon that is rooted in the migration from country to city during the industrial revolution (Tilly and Scott 1989) which persists today. Research on the causes of this differential migration has grown in recent years, along with increasing concern over its effects on rural development and the social sustainability of rural areas. Hoggart (2004) has suggested the importance of rethinking rural development policies as they have not been able to halt the exodus of women.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abramovay, R. (2000), Agricultura familiar y desarrollo territorial, Land Reform. Land Settlement and Cooperatives, (FAO), 1, 29–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Almǻs, R. and Haugen, M. (1991), Norwegian Gender Roles in Transition: The Masculinization Hyphotesis in the Past and in the Future. Journal of Rural Studies, 7(1–2), 79–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arkleton Trust (1992), Rural Change in Europe: Research Programme on Farm Structures and Pluriactivity. Farm Household Adjustment in Western Europe 1987–1991. Final Report.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bilsborrow, R. E. (1992), Preliminary Report of the United Nations Expert Group Meeting on the Feminization of Internal Migration. Internal Migration Review, 26(1), 138–161.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bjarnason, T. and Thorlindsson, T. (2006), Should I Stay or Should I Go? Migration Expectations Among Youth in Icelandic Fishing and Farming Communities. Journal of Rural Studies, 22, 290–300.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boserup, E. (1970), Women’s Role in Economic Development. (New York: St. Martin’s Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourdieu, P. (1962), Célibat et condition paysanne. Études Rurales, 5–6, 132–135.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bourdieu, P. (2002), Le bal des célibataires (Paris: Seuil).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradley, A. and P. Lowe (eds) (1984), Locality and Rurality: Economy and Society in Rural Regions (Norwich: Geo Books).

    Google Scholar 

  • Camarero, L., Sampedro, R. and Vicente-Mazariegos, J.I. (1991), Mujer y ruralidad en España. El círculo quebrado (Madrid: Instituto de la Mujer).

    Google Scholar 

  • Camarero, L. et al. (2006), El trabajo desvelado. Trayectorias ocupacionales de las mujeres rurales en España (Madrid: Instituto de la Mujer).

    Google Scholar 

  • Camarero, L. et al. (2009), The Rural Population in Spain. from Disequilibrium to Social Sustainability (Barcelona: La Caixa Foundation).

    Google Scholar 

  • Camarero, L. and Sampedro, R. (2008), ¿Por qué se van las mujeres? El continuum de movilidad como hipótesis explicativa de la masculinización rural. Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas, 124, 73–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Camarero, L., Oliva, J. and Sampedro, R. (2012), Foreigners, Neighbours, Immigrants: Translocal Mobilities in Rural Areas in Spain, in Ch. Hedberg and R.M. do Carmo (eds), Translocal Ruralism. Mobility and Connectivity in European Rural Spaces (Heidelberg-New York: Springer), 143–162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cresswell, T. (2006), The Right to Mobility: The Production of Mobility in the Courtroom. Antipode, 38(4), 735–754.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Corbett, M. (2005), Rural Education and Out-Migration: The Case of a Coastal Community. Canadian Journal of Education, 28(1–2), 52–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Corbett, M. (2007), All Kinds of Potential: Women and Out-Migration in an Atlantic Canadian Coastal Community. Journal of Rural Studies, 23(4), 430–442.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dahlström, M. (1996), Young Women in a Male Periphery — Experiences from the Scandinavian North. Journal of Rural Studies, 12(3), 259–271.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Demossier, B. (2004), Women in Rural France: Mediators or Agents of Change?, in H. Buller and K. Hoggart (eds), Women in the European Countryside (Aldershot: Ashgate Pub.), 42–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Domina, T. (2006), What Clean Break? Education and Nonmetropolitan Migration Patterns, 1989–2004. Rural Sociology, 71, 373–398.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • European Comission. Directorate-General for Agriculture (2000), Women Active in Rural Development. (Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities).

    Google Scholar 

  • Eurostat. Population by Sex and Age Groups in 2011. series [urt_pjanaggr3] On line database http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=urt_pjanaggr3&lang=en

  • Fuguitt, G. (1991), Commuting and the rural-urban hierarchy. Journal of Rural tudies, 7(4), 459–466.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, J. (1949a), City Size and Sex Distribution. American Sociological Review, 4(1), 42–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, J. (1949b), Some Regional Aspects of Sex Distribution. Social Forces, 7(3), 272–273.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Halliday, J. and Little, J. (2001), Amongst Women: Exploring the Reality of Rural hildcare. Sociologia Ruralis, 41(4), 423–437.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, L. and Otterstad, O. (1998), Sex Ratio and Community Size: Notes rom the Northern Atlantic. Population and Environment, 20(1), 11–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, D. (1989), The Condition of Postmodernity: An Enquiry into the Origins f Cultural Change. (Oxford: Blackwell).

    Google Scholar 

  • Haugen, M. and Brandth, B. (1994), Gender Differences in Modern Agriculture: he Case of Female Farmers in Norway. Gender and Society, 8(2), 206–229.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hodge, I. and Monk, S. (2004), The Economic Diversity of Rural England: Stylised allacies and Uncertain Evidence. Journal of Rural Studies, 20, 263–272.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoggart, K. (2004), Structures, Cultures, Personalities, Places, Policies: Frameworks or Uneven Development, in H. Buller and K. Hoggart (eds), Women in the uropean Countryside (Aldershot: Ashgate Pub.), 1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, A. (1997), Rurality and Cultures of Womanhood, in P. Cloke, J. Little eds), Contested Countryside Cultures: Otherness, Marginalisation and Rurality London: Routledge), 123–137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, C. (1965), Female Occupational Roles and Urban Sex Ratios in the United tates, Japan, and the Philippines. Social Forces, 43(3), 407–417.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, K. and Fuguitt, G. (2000), Continuity and Change in Rural Migration atterns 1950–1995, Rural Sociology, 65(1), 27–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lagrave, R.M. (coord.) (1987), Celles de la terre. Agricultrice: l’invention politique ’un métier (Paris: EHESS).

    Google Scholar 

  • Landis, P. (1948), Population Problems: A Cultural Interpretation (New York: American Book).

    Google Scholar 

  • Limstrand, I. and Stemland, M. (2004), Can Education Be a Strategy for Developing ural Areas? in H. Buller and K. Hoggart (eds), Women in the European Countryside (Aldershot: Ashgate Pub.), 141–159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Little, J. (1991), Theoretical Issues of Women’s Non-Agricultural Employment in ural Areas, with Illustrations from the U.K.. Journal of Rural Studies, 7(1–2), 9–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Little, J. (1997), Employment Marginality and Women’s Self-Identity, in P. Cloke and J. Little (eds), Contested Countryside Cultures: Otherness, Marginalisation and Rurality (London: Routledge), 138–157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Little, J. and Austin, P. (1996), Women and the Rural Idyll. Journal of Rural Studies, 12(2), 101–111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marsden, T., Lowe, P. and Whatmore, S. (eds) (1990), Rural Restructuring: Global Processes and their Responses (London: David Fulton).

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsden, T., Lowe, P. and Whatmore, S. (eds) (1992), Labour and Locality. Uneven Development and the Rural Labour Process (London: David Fulton).

    Google Scholar 

  • Noack, E. (2011), Are Rural Women Mobility Deprived? A Case Study from Scotland. Sociologia Ruralis, 51(1), 79–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oliva, J. (1995), Mercados de trabajo y reestructuración rural (Madrid: Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación).

    Google Scholar 

  • Oliva, J. (2006), Movilidad laboral y estrategias de arraigo rural. Revista Española de Estudios Agrosociales y Pesqueros, 211, 143–187.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rye, J. F. (2006), Rural Youths’ Images of the Rural. Journal of Rural Studies, 22, 409–421.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sorokin, P. and Zimmerman, C. (1929), Principles of Rural-Urban Sociology (New York: Henry Holt and Company).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tilly, L. and Scott, J. (1989), Women, Work & Family (New York: Routledge).

    Google Scholar 

  • Urry, J. (2004), The ‘System’ of Automobility. Theory, Culture and Society, 21(4/5), 25–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whatmore, S. (1990), Theories and Practices for Rural Sociology in a ‘New’ Europe. Sociologia Ruralis, 30(3–4), 251–255.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whatmore, S. (1991), Farming Women: Gender, Work and Family Enterprise (London: McMillan).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Weber, A. (1967), The Growth of Cities in the Nineteenth Century. A Study in Statistics (New York: Cornell University Press) (o.e. 1899).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zelinsky, W. (1971), The Hypothesis of the Mobility Transition. Geographical Review, 61, 219–249.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 2016 Luis Camarero and Rosario Sampedro

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Camarero, L., Sampedro, R. (2016). Exploring Female Over-Migration in Rural Spain — Employment, Care Giving and Mobility. In: Wiest, K. (eds) Women and Migration in Rural Europe. New Geographies of Europe. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-48304-1_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-48304-1_10

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-349-58076-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-137-48304-1

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics