Abstract
Metagenomics is vastly improving our ability to discover new viruses, as well as their possible associations with disease. However, metagenomics has also changed our understanding of viruses in general. This is because we can find viruses in healthy hosts in the absence of disease, which changes the perspective of viruses as mere pathogens and offers a new perspective in which viruses function as important components of ecosystems. In concrete, human blood metagenomics has revealed the presence of different types of viruses in apparently healthy subjects. These viruses are human anelloviruses and, to a lower extent, human pegiviruses. Viral metagenomics’ major challenge is the correct isolation of the viral nucleic acids from a specific sample. For the protocol to be successful, all steps must be carefully chosen, in particular those that optimize the recovery of viral nucleic acids. Here, we present a procedure that allows the recovery of both DNA and RNA viruses from plasma samples.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Holmes EC (2011) What does virus evolution tell us about virus origins? J Virol 85(11):5247–5251. https://doi.org/10.1128/2FJVI.02203-10
French RK, Holmes EC (2020) An ecosystems perspective on virus evolution and emergence. Trends Microbiol 28(3):165–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2019.10.010
Khan Mirzaei M, Xue J, Costa R et al (2021) Challenges of studying the human Virome – relevant emerging technologies. Trends Microbiol 29(2):171–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2020.05.021
Lipkin WI, Firth C (2013) Viral surveillance and discovery. Curr Opin Virol 3(2):199–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coviro.2013.03.010
Rosario K, Breitbart M (2011) Exploring the viral world through metagenomics. Curr Opin Virol 1(4):289–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coviro.2011.06.004
Sathiamoorthy S, Malott RJ, Gisonni-Lex L, Ng SHS (2018) Selection and evaluation of an efficient method for the recovery of viral nucleic acids from complex biologicals. NPJ Vaccines 3(1):31. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41541-018-0067-3
Porter AF, Cobbin J, Li CX et al (2011) Metagenomic identification of viral sequences in laboratory reagents. Viruses 13(11):1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13112122
Asplund M, Kjartansdóttir KR, Mollerup S et al (2019) Contaminating viral sequences in high-throughput sequencing viromics: a linkage study of 700 sequencing libraries. Clin Microbiol Infect 25(10):1277–1285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2019.04.028
Santiago-Rodriguez TM, Hollister EB (2020) Potential applications of human viral metagenomics and reference materials: considerations for current and future viruses. Appl Environ Microbiol 86(22):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01794-20
Rascovan N, Duraisamy R, Desnues C (2016) Metagenomics and the human Virome in asymptomatic individuals. Annu Rev Microbiol 70:125–141. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-micro-102215-095431
Human Microbiome Project Consortium (2012) Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome. Nature 486:207–214. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11234
Liang G, Bushman FD (2021) The human virome: assembly, composition and host interactions. Nat Rev Microbiol 19(8):514–527. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-021-00536-5
Zárate S, Taboada B, Yocupicio-Monroy M, Arias CF (2017) Human Virome. Arch Med Res 48(8):701–716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arcmed.2018.01.005
Briese T, Kapoor A, Mishra N et al (2015) Virome capture sequencing enables sensitive viral diagnosis and comprehensive virome analysis. MBio 6(5). https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.01491-15
Furuta RA, Sakamoto H, Kuroishi A et al (2015) Metagenomic profiling of the viromes of plasma collected from blood donors with elevated serum alanine aminotransferase levels. Transfusion 55(8):1889–1899. https://doi.org/10.1111/trf.13057
Law J, Jovel J, Patterson J et al (2013) Identification of Hepatotropic viruses from plasma using deep sequencing: a next generation diagnostic tool. PLoS One 8(4):e60595. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0060595
Popgeorgiev N, Boyer M, Fancello L et al (2013) Marseillevirus-like virus recovered from blood donated by asymptomatic humans. J Infect Dis 208(7):1042–1050. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jit292
Stremlau MH, Andersen KG, Folarin OA et al (2015) Discovery of novel Rhabdoviruses in the blood of healthy individuals from West Africa. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9(3):e0003631. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003631
Ewels P, Magnusson M, Lundin S, Käller M (2016) MultiQC: summarize analysis results for multiple tools and samples in a single report. Bioinformatics 32(19):3047–3048. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btw354
Bushnell B, Rood J, Singer E (2017) BBMerge – accurate paired shotgun read merging via overlap. PLoS One 12(10):e0185056. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0185056
Kim D, Song L, Breitwieser FP, Salzberg SL (2016) Centrifuge: rapid and accurate classificaton of metagenomic sequences. Genome Res 26(12):054965. https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.210641.116
Martí JM (2019) Recentrifuge: robust comparative analysis and contamination removal for metagenomics. PLoS Comput Biol 15(4):e1006967. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006967
Nurk S, Meleshko D, Korobeynikov A, Pevzner PA (2017) MetaSPAdes: a new versatile metagenomic assembler. Genome Res 27(5):824–834. https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.213959.116
Acknowledgments
This work was funded by the Spanish Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (MINECO) cofinanced by FEDER funds, grant numbers SAF2017-82287-R and PID2020-118602RB-I00, and the Generalitat Valenciana, grant number AICO/2021/085.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Cebriá-Mendoza, M., Díaz, W., Sanjuán, R., Cuevas, J.M. (2024). Optimized Recovery of Viral DNA and RNA from Blood Plasma for Viral Metagenomics. In: Pantaleo, V., Miozzi, L. (eds) Viral Metagenomics. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 2732. Humana, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-3515-5_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-3515-5_11
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-0716-3514-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-0716-3515-5
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols