Skip to main content

Analyzing Autopolyploid Genetic Data Using GenoDive

  • Protocol
  • First Online:
Polyploidy

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Biology ((MIMB,volume 2545))

Abstract

Analyzing autopolyploid genetic data still presents numerous challenges due to, e.g., missing dosage information of genotypes and the presence of multiple ploidy levels within species or populations, but also because the choice of software is limited when compared to what is available for diploid data. However, over the last years, the number of software programs that can deal with polyploid data is slowly increasing. The software GenoDive is one of the most widely used programs for the analysis of polyploid genetic data, presenting a wide array of different methods. In this chapter, I outline several frequently used types of population genetic analyses and explain how these apply to polyploid data, including possible pitfalls and biases. I then explain how GenoDive approaches these analyses and whether and how it can overcome possible biases. Specifically, I focus on analyses of genetic diversity, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, quantifying population differentiation, clustering, and calculation of genetic distances. GenoDive can be downloaded freely from http://www.patrickmeirmans.com/software.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Protocol
USD 49.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Stift M, Berenos C, Kuperus P, Van Tienderen PH (2008) Segregation models for disomic, tetrasomic and intermediate inheritance in tetraploids: a general procedure applied to Rorippa (yellow cress) microsatellite data. Genetics 179:2113–2123

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Chester M, Gallagher JP, Symonds VV et al (2012) Extensive chromosomal variation in a recently formed natural allopolyploid species, Tragopogon miscellus (Asteraceae). Proc Nat Acad Sci 109:1176–1181

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Meirmans PG, Van Tienderen PH (2013) The effects of inheritance in tetraploids on genetic diversity and population divergence. Heredity 110:131–137

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Bever JD, Felber F (1992) The theoretical population genetics of autopolyploidy. Oxford Surv Evol Biol 8:185–217

    Google Scholar 

  5. Dufresne F, Stift M, Vergilino R, Mable BK (2014) Recent progress and challenges in population genetics of polyploid organisms: an overview of current state-of-the-art molecular and statistical tools. Mol Ecol 23:40–69

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Monnahan P, Kolář F, Baduel P et al (2019) Pervasive population genomic consequences of genome duplication in Arabidopsis arenosa. Nat Ecol Evol:1–15

    Google Scholar 

  7. Meirmans PG, Liu S, Van Tienderen PH (2018) The analysis of polyploid genetic data. J Hered:1–36

    Google Scholar 

  8. Arnold BJ, Bomblies K, Wakeley J (2012) Extending coalescent theory to autotetraploids. Genetics 192:195–204

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Ronfort J, Jenczewski E, Bataillon T, Rousset F (1998) Analysis of population structure in autotetraploid species. Genetics 150:921–930

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Excoffier L, Lischer HEL (2010) Arlequin suite ver 3.5: a new series of programs to perform population genetics analyses under Linux and Windows. Mol Ecol Resour 10:564–567

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Goudet J (1995) FSTAT (Version 1.2): a computer program to calculate F-statistics. J Hered 86:485–486

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Meirmans PG (2020) GenoDive version 3.0: easy-to-use software for the analysis of genetic data of diploids and polyploids. Mol Ecol Resour 20:1126–1131

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Pritchard J, Stephens M, Donnelly P (2000) Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. Genetics 155:945–959

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Raj A, Stephens M, Pritchard JK (2014) fastSTRUCTURE: Variational inference of population structure in large SNP data sets. Genetics 197:573–U207

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Goudet J (2005) Hierfstat, a package for r to compute and test hierarchical F-statistics. Mol Ecol Notes 5:184–186

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Kamvar ZN, Tabima JF, Grünwald NJ (2014) Poppr: an R package for genetic analysis of populations with clonal, partially clonal, and/or sexual reproduction. PeerJ 2:e281

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Clark LV, Jasieniuk M (2011) POLYSAT: an R package for polyploid microsatellite analysis. Mol Ecol Resour 11:562–566

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Shastry V, Adams PE, Lindtke D et al (2021) Model-based genotype and ancestry estimation for potential hybrids with mixed-ploidy. Mol Ecol Resour 21:1434–1451

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Hardy O, Vekemans X (2002) SPAGEDi: a versatile computer program to analyse spatial genetic structure at the individual or population levels. Mol Ecol Notes 2:618–620

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Gerard D (2021) Pairwise linkage disequilibrium estimation for polyploids. Mol Ecol Resour 21:1230–1242

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Field DL, Broadhurst LM, Elliott CP, Young AG (2017) Population assignment in autopolyploids. Heredity 119:389–401

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Stift M, Kolář F, Meirmans PG (2019) Is more robust than other clustering methods in simulated mixed-ploidy populations. Heredity 123:429–441

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Monnahan P, Brandvain Y (2020) The effect of autopolyploidy on population genetic signals of hard sweeps. Biol Lett 16:20190796

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Meirmans PG, Van Tienderen PH (2004) GenoType and GenoDive: two programs for the analysis of genetic diversity of asexual organisms. Mol Ecol Notes 4:792–794

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Meirmans PG, Liu S (2018) Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) for autopolyploids. Front Ecol Evol 6:217

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. De Silva HN, Hall AJ, Rikkerink E et al (2005) Estimation of allele frequencies in polyploids under certain patterns of inheritance. Heredity 95:327–334

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Luttikhuizen PC, Stift M, Kuperus P, Van Tienderen PH (2007) Genetic diversity in diploid vs. tetraploid Rorippa amphibia (Brassicaceae). Mol Ecol 16:3544–3553

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Nei M (1973) Analysis of gene diversity in subdivided populations. J Hered 70:3321–3323

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Nei M, Chesser R (1983) Estimation of fixation indexes and gene diversities. Ann Hum Genet 47:253–259

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Moody M, Mueller L, Soltis DE (1993) Genetic-variation and random drift in autotetraploid populations. Genetics 134:649–657

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Nei M (1987) Molecular evolutionary genetics. Columbia University Press, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  32. Michalakis Y, Excoffier L (1996) A generic estimation of population subdivision using distances between alleles with special reference for microsatellite loci. Genetics 142:1061–1064

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Hedrén M, Nordström S, Ståhlberg D (2008) Polyploid evolution and plastid DNA variation in the Dactylorhiza incarnata/maculata complex (Orchidaceae) in Scandinavia. Mol Ecol 17:5075–5091

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Buono D, Khan G, von Hagen KB et al (2020) Comparative phylogeography of Veronica spicata and V. longifolia (Plantaginaceae) across Europe: integrating hybridization and polyploidy in phylogeography. Front. Plant Sci 11:588354

    Google Scholar 

  35. Wright S (1965) The interpretation of population structure by F-statistics with special regard to systems of mating. Evolution 19:395–420

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Jost L (2008) GST and its relatives do not measure differentiation. Mol Ecol 17:4015–4026

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Hedrick P (2005) A standardized genetic differentiation measure. Evolution 59:1633–1638

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Meirmans PG, Hedrick P (2011) Assessing population structure: FST and related measures. Mol Ecol Resour 11:5–18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Excoffier L, Smouse P, Quattro J (1992) Analysis of molecular variance inferred from metric distances among DNA haplotypes: application to human mitochondrial-DNA restriction data. Genetics 131:479–491

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Meirmans PG (2012) AMOVA-based clustering of population genetic data. J Hered 103:744–750

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. MacQueen J (1967) Some methods for classification and analysis of multivariate observations. In: Proceedings of the fifth Berkeley symposium on mathematics, statistics, and probability, vol. 1. University of California Press, Berkeley, pp. 281–297

    Google Scholar 

  42. Kirkpatrick S, Gelatt C, Vecchi M (1983) Optimization by simulated annealing. Science 220:671–680

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Calinski T, Harabasz J (1974) A dendrite method for cluster analysis. Commun Stat 3:1–27

    Google Scholar 

  44. Schwarz G (1978) Estimating the dimension of a model. Ann Stat 6:461–464

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Evanno G, Regnaut S, Goudet J (2005) Detecting the number of clusters of individuals using the software STRUCTURE: a simulation study. Mol Ecol 14:2611–2620

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Gao H, Williamson S, Bustamante C (2007) A Markov Chain Monte Carlo approach for joint inference of population structure and inbreeding rates. Genetics 176:1635–1651

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Meirmans PG (2015) Seven common mistakes in population genetics and how to avoid them. Mol Ecol 24:3223–3231

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Nei M (1978) Estimation of average heterozygosity and genetic distance from a small number of individuals. Genetics 89:583

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Rogers JS (1972) Measures of genetic similarity and genetic distance. Studies in genetics VII. University of Texas Publication 7213, Austin, pp 145–153

    Google Scholar 

  50. Cavalli-Sforza LL, Edwards A (1967) Phylogenetic analysis. Models and estimation procedures. Am J Hum Genet 19:233–257

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Loiselle B, Sork V, Nason J, Graham C (1995) Spatial genetic-structure of a tropical understory shrub, Psychotria officinalis (Rubiaceae). Am J Bot 82:1420–1425

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Weir BS, Cockerham C (1984) Estimating F-statistics for the analysis of population structure. Evolution 38:1358–1370

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Slatkin M (1995) A measure of population subdivision based on microsatellite allele frequencies. Genetics 139:457–462

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Bruvo R, Michiels N, D’Souza T, Schulenburg H (2004) A simple method for the calculation of microsatellite genotype distances irrespective of ploidy level. Mol Ecol 13:2101–2106

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Smouse P, Peakall R (1999) Spatial autocorrelation analysis of individual multiallele and multilocus genetic structure. Heredity 82:561–573

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Moran P (1950) Notes on continuous stochastic phenomena. Biometrika 37:17–23

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Smouse P, Long JC, Sokal RR (1986) Multiple regression and correlation extensions of the Mantel test of matrix correspondence. Syst Zool 35:627–632

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Mantel N (1967) The detection of disease clustering and a generalized regression approach. Cancer Res 27:209–220

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Diniz-Filho JAF, Soares TN, Lima JS et al (2013) Mantel test in population genetics. Genet Mol Biol 36:475–485

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Buerkle C (2005) Maximum-likelihood estimation of a hybrid index based on molecular markers. Mol Ecol Notes 5:684–687

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Paetkau D, Slade R, Burden M, Estoup A (2004) Genetic assignment methods for the direct, real-time estimation of migration rate: a simulation-based exploration of accuracy and power. Mol Ecol 13:55–65

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Orsini L, Mergeay J, Vanoverbeke J, De Meester L (2012) The role of selection in driving landscape genomic structure of the waterflea Daphnia magna. Mol Ecol 22:583–601

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Frichot E, Schoville SD, Bouchard G, Francois O (2013) Testing for associations between loci and environmental gradients using Latent Factor Mixed Models. Mol Biol Evol 30:1687–1699

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Patrick G. Meirmans .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature

About this protocol

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this protocol

Meirmans, P.G. (2023). Analyzing Autopolyploid Genetic Data Using GenoDive. In: Van de Peer, Y. (eds) Polyploidy. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 2545. Humana, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2561-3_14

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2561-3_14

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-0716-2560-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-0716-2561-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

Publish with us

Policies and ethics