Abstract
Antibodies are soluble biomolecules of the Immunoglobulin family found in serum, which can specifically bind to and neutralize diverse antigens. Since their discovery, antibodies have been utilized for diagnostic, therapeutic, and research purposes. The development of genetic engineering and recombinant technology has made it possible to modify antibodies in structure and composition. Antibodies have found utility in the field of diagnostics with the incorporation of native or recombinant antibodies in biosensing platforms, capable of transducing the information of an antigen-antibody binding event into a measurable signal. This platform is termed as an immunosensor. Several approaches are available for the immobilization of antibodies on the surface of the transducer. These approaches include either a covalent or non-covalent attachment of the active form of antibodies in proper orientation, while retaining the conductivity of the transducing elements at the same time. The generated signal can be an electrical, optical, shear strain, or temperature change. Accordingly, immunosensors can be broadly divided into electrochemical, optical, piezoelectric or thermometric immunosensors. Each type has its own set of advantages and challenges in the context of design and sensing efficiency.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Trier NH, Houen G (2020) Antibodies as diagnostic targets and as reagents for diagnostics. Antibodies (Basel) 9(2):15. https://doi.org/10.3390/antib9020015
Kohler G, Milstein C (1975) Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity. Nature 256:495–497
Lu R, Hwang Y, Liu I et al (2020) Development of therapeutic antibodies for the treatment of diseases. J Biomed Sci 27:1
Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co. Ltd. Consolidated Financial Summary (IFRS) Fiscal 2018. 2019, February 5
Basu K, Green EM, Cheng Y, Craik CS (2019) Why recombinant antibodies - benefits and applications. Curr Opin Biotechnol 60:153–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2019.01.012
Gray AC, Sidhu SS, Chandrasekera PC et al (2016) Animal-friendly affinity reagents: replacing the needless in the haystack. Trends Biotechnol 34(12):960–969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2016.05.017
Sharma S, Byrne H, O'Kennedy RJ (2016) Antibodies and antibody-derived analytical biosensors. Essays Biochem 60(1):9–18. https://doi.org/10.1042/EBC20150002
Schroeder HW Jr, Cavacini L (2010) Structure and function of immunoglobulins. J Allergy Clin Immunol 125:S41–S52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2009.09.046
Ma H, O’Kennedy R (2015) The structure of natural and recombinant antibodies. In: Houen G (ed) Peptide antibodies. Methods in molecular biology, vol 1348. Humana Press, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2999-3_2
Weiner LM, Surana R, Wang S (2010) Monoclonal antibodies: versatile platforms for cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Immunol 10:317–327
Chiu ML, Goulet DR, Teplyakov A et al (2019) Antibody structure and function: the basis for engineering therapeutics. Antibodies 8(4):55. https://doi.org/10.3390/antib8040055
Reverberi R, Reverberi L (2007) Factors affecting the antigen-antibody reaction. Blood Transfus 5(4):227–240. https://doi.org/10.2450/2007.0047-07
Mollarasouli F, Kurbanoglu S, Ozkan SA (2019) The role of electrochemical Immunosensors in clinical analysis. Biosensors 9(3):86. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios9030086
Lim SA, Ahmed MU (2019) Chapter 1: Introduction to Immunosensors, Royal Society of Chemistry. In: Ahmed MU, Zourob M, Tamiya E (eds) Immunosensors, pp 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788016162-00001
Clark LC Jr, Lyons C (1962) Electrode systems for continuous monitoring in cardiovascular surgery. Ann N Y Acad Sci 102:29–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1962.tb13623.x
Yalow RS, Berson SA (1959) Assay of plasma insulin in human subjects by immunological methods. Nature 184(Suppl 21):1648–1649. https://doi.org/10.1038/1841648b0
Turner APF (2000) Biosensors—sense and sensitivity. Science 290(5495):1315–1317
Skottrup PD, Nicolaisen M, Justesen AF (2008) Towards on-site pathogen detection using antibody-based sensors. Biosens Bioelectron 24(3):339–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2008.06.045
Singh A (2017) Next generation immunoassays for infectious diseases of animals. Res Rev J Immunol 7(2):22–43
Cass T, Ligler FS (1998) Immobilized biomolecules in analysis: A practical approach. Oxford University Press, New York
Trilling AK, Beekwilder J, Zuilhof H (2013) Antibody orientation on biosensor surfaces: a minireview. Analyst 138:1619–1627
John R, Spencer M, Wallace GG et al (1991) Development of a polypyrrole-based human serum albumin sensor. Anal Chim Acta 249:381–385
Feyssa B, Liedert C, Kivimaki L et al (2013) Patterned immobilization of antibodies within roll-to-roll hot embossed polymeric microfluidic channels. PLoS One 8:e68918
Jarocka U, Sawicka R, Góra-Sochacka A et al (2014) An immunosensor based on antibody binding fragments attached to gold nanoparticles for the detection of peptides derived from avian influenza hemagglutinin H5. Sensors 14:15714–15728
Shriver-Lake LC, Donner B, Edelstein R et al (1997) Antibody immobilization using heterobifunctional crosslinkers. Biosens Bioelectron 12:1101–1106
de Juan-Franco E, Caruz A, Pedrajas JR et al (2013) Site-directed antibody immobilization using a protein A–gold binding domain fusion protein for enhanced SPR immunosensing. Analyst 138:2023–2031
Barton AC, Collyer SD, Davis Fet al. (2009) Labeless AC impedimetric antibody-based sensors with pg ml−1 sensitivities for point-of-care biomedical applications. Biosens Bioelectron 24:1090–1095
Ionescu RE, Gondran C, Bouffier L et al (2010) Label-free impedimetric immunosensor for sensitive detection of atrazine. Electrochim Acta 55:6228–6232
Yan H, Shen Z, Mernaugh R, Zeng X (2011) Single chain fragment variable recombinant antibody as a template for fc sensors. Anal Chem 83(2):625–630. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac102087w
Zeng X, Shen Z, Mernaugh R (2012) Recombinant antibodies and their use in biosensors. Anal Bioanal Chem 402(10):3027–3038. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-011-5569-z
Aydin EB, Aydin M, Sezgintürk MK (2019) Advances in electrochemical immunosensors. Adv Clin Chem 92:1–57
Holford TR, Davis F, Higson SP (2012) Recent trends in antibody based sensors. Biosens Bioelectron 34(1):12–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2011.10.023
Chai R, Yuan R, Chai Y et al (2008) Amperometric immunosensors based on layer-by-layer assembly of gold nanoparticles and methylene blue on thiourea modified glassy carbon electrode for determination of human chorionic gonadotrophin. Talanta 74(5):1330–1336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2007.08.046
Fu Y, Li P, Wang T et al (2010) Novel polymeric bionanocomposites with catalytic Pt nanoparticles label immobilized for high performance amperometric immunoassay. Biosens Bioelectron 25(7):1699–1704. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2009.12.010
Bataillard P, Gardies F, Jaffrezic-Renault N et al (1988) Direct detection of immunospecies by capacitance measurements. Anal Chem 60(21):2374–2379. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00172a011
de Moraes A, Kubota L (2016) Recent trends in field-effect transistors-based Immunosensors. Chemosensors 4(4):20. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors4040020
González-Martínez MA, Puchades R, Maquieira A (2007) Optical immunosensors for environmental monitoring: how far have we come? Anal Bioanal Chem 387(1):205–218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-006-0849-8
Velusamy V, Arshak K, Korostynska O et al (2010) An overview of foodborne pathogen detection: in the perspective of biosensors. Biotechnol Adv 28(2):232–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.12.004
Phillips KS, Cheng Q (2007) Recent advances in surface plasmon resonance based techniques for bioanalysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 387:1831–1840
Bunde RL, Jarvi EJ, Rosentreter JJ (1998) Piezoelectric quartz crystal biosensors. Talanta 46(6):1223–1236. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0039-9140(97)00392-5
Pohanka M (2018) Overview of piezoelectric biosensors, Immunosensors and DNA sensors and their applications. Materials 11(3):448. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11030448
Ramanathan K, Danielsson B (2001) Principles and applications of thermal biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 16(6):417–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0956-5663(01)00124-5
Liu F, Choi KS, Park TJ, Lee SY, Seo TS (2011) Graphene-based electrochemical biosensor for pathogenic virus detection. BioChip J 5(2):123–128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13206-011-5204-2
Kaushik A, Yndart A, Kumar S, Jayant RD, Vashist A, Brown AN, Li CZ, Nair M (2018) A sensitive electrochemical immunosensor for label-free detection of Zika-virus protein. Sci Rep 8(9700):1–5. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-28035-3
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Dutta, N., Kumar, A., Kumari, A., Maan, S., Dutta, G., Joshi, V.G. (2022). Antibody-Based Sensors for Pathogen Detection. In: Deb, R., Yadav, A.K., Rajkhowa, S., Malik, Y.S. (eds) Protocols for the Diagnosis of Pig Viral Diseases. Springer Protocols Handbooks. Humana, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2043-4_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2043-4_12
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-0716-2042-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-0716-2043-4
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols