Abstract
Chromosome conformation capture and its variants have allowed chromatin topology to be interrogated at a superior resolution and throughput than by microscopic methods. Among the method derivatives, 4C-seq (circular chromosome conformation capture, coupled to high-throughput sequencing) is a versatile, cost-effective means of assessing all chromatin interactions with a specific genomic region of interest, making it particularly suitable for interrogating chromatin looping events. We present the principles and procedures for designing and implementing successful 4C-seq experiments.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Sexton T, Cavalli G (2015) The role of chromosome domains in shaping the functional genome. Cell 160:1049–1059
Dekker J, Rippe K, Dekker M et al (2002) Capturing chromosome conformation. Science 295:1306–1311
van de Werken HJG, Landan G, Holwerda SJB et al (2012) Robust 4C-seq data analysis to screen for regulatory DNA interactions. Nat Methods 9:969–972
Dostie J, Richmond TA, Arnaout RA et al (2006) Chromosome conformation capture carbon copy (5C): a massively parallel solution for mapping interactions between genomic elements. Genome Res 16:1299–1309
Fullwood MJ, Liu MH, Pan YF et al (2009) An oestrogen-receptor-alpha-bound human chromatin interactome. Nature 462:58–64
Hughes JR, Roberts N, McGowan S et al (2014) Analysis of hundreds of cis-regulatory landscapes at high resolution in a single, high-throughput experiment. Nat Genet 46:205–212
Lieberman-Aiden E, van Berkum NL, Williams L et al (2009) Comprehensive mapping of long-range interactions reveals folding principles of the human genome. Science 326:289–293
Denker A, de Laat W (2016) The second decade of 3C technologies: detailed insights into nuclear organization. Genes Dev 30:1357–1382
Ghavi-Helm Y, Klein FA, Pakozdi T et al (2014) Enhancer loops appear stable during development and are associated with paused polymerase. Nature 512:96–100
Lupiáñez DG, Kraft K, Heinrich V et al (2015) Disruptions of topological chromatin domains cause pathogenic rewiring of gene-enhancer interactions. Cell 161:1012–1025
de Wit E, Vos ESM, Holwerda SJB et al (2015) CTCF binding polarity determines chromatin looping. Mol Cell 60:676–684
Guo Y, Xu Q, Canzio D et al (2015) CRISPR inversion of CTCF sites alters genome topology and enhancer/promoter function. Cell 162:900–910
Simonis M, Klous P, Splinter E et al (2006) Nuclear organization of active and inactive chromatin domains uncovered by chromosome conformation capture-on-chip (4C). Nat Genet 38:1348–1354
Noordermeer D, Leleu M, Splinter E et al (2011) The dynamic architecture of Hox gene clusters. Science 334:222–225
Narendra V, Rocha PP, An D et al (2015) CTCF establishes discrete functional chromatin domains at the Hox clusters during differentiation. Science 347:1017–1021
Geeven G, Teunissen H, de Laat W et al (2018) peakC: a flexible, non-parametric peak calling package for 4C and capture-C data. Nucleic Acids Res 46:e91
Schwartzman O, Mukamel Z, Oded-Elkayam N et al (2016) UMI-4C for quantitative and targeted chromosomal contact profiling. Nat Methods 13:685–691
Mombaerts P, Terhorst C, Jacks T et al (1995) Characterization of immature thymocyte lines derived from T-cell receptor or recombination activating gene 1 and p53 double mutant mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92:7420–7424
Koressaar T, Remm M (2007) Enhancements and modifications of primer design program Primer3. Bioinformatics 23:1289–1291
Untergasser A, Cutcutache I, Koressaar T et al (2012) Primer3--new capabilities and interfaces. Nucleic Acids Res 40:e115
Thongjuea S, Stadhouders R, Grosveld FG et al (2013) r3Cseq: an R/bioconductor package for the discovery of long-range genomic interactions from chromosome conformation capture and next-generation sequencing data. Nucleic Acids Res 41:e132
Raviram R, Rocha PP, Müller CL et al (2016) 4C-ker: a method to reproducibly identify genome-wide interactions captured by 4C-Seq experiments. PLoS Comput Biol 12:e1004780
Klein FA, Pakozdi T, Anders S et al (2015) FourCSeq: analysis of 4C sequencing data. Bioinformatics 31:3085–3091
Rao SSP, Huntley MH, Durand NC et al (2014) A 3D map of the human genome at kilobase resolution reveals principles of chromatin looping. Cell 159:1665–1680
Nagano T, Várnai C, Schoenfelder S et al (2015) Comparison of hi-C results using in-solution versus in-nucleus ligation. Genome Biol 16:175
Klein-Hessling S, Rudolf R, Muhammad K et al (2016) A threshold level of NFATc1 activity facilitates thymocyte differentiation and opposes notch-driven leukaemia development. Nat Commun 7:11841
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Karasu, N., Sexton, T. (2021). 4C-Seq: Interrogating Chromatin Looping with Circular Chromosome Conformation Capture. In: Bodega, B., Lanzuolo, C. (eds) Capturing Chromosome Conformation. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 2157. Humana, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0664-3_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0664-3_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-0716-0663-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-0716-0664-3
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols